Logic probe scheme for troubleshooting digital circuits, a description of its capabilities and methods of working with a probe.

It is well known that an oscilloscope is needed to repair and establish electronic digital circuits. Of course, now those days are gone when it was necessary to repair large computers in factories. But then there were devices for various purposes on microcontrollers, specialized microcircuits, a large number of devices using digital microcircuits of a small degree of integration (not all enterprises and organizations managed to acquire modern imported equipment).

It is impossible to see the processes occurring in pulsed circuits with a conventional avometer and draw conclusions about the operation of the circuit as a whole. But the oscilloscope is not always at hand. In this case, the described logical probe can be of invaluable help ...

Everyone who lives in a private house or apartment, sooner or later make repairs. This is especially true of the old housing stock. And every normal person begins to plan repair work - what needs to be done in the first place, and what can wait.

A so-called construction schedule is drawn up. You begin to ring up your acquaintances in search of normal craftsmen, repair is not done every day.

In order for everything to work properly in the house, apartment, in the process of electrical installation, it is necessary to comply with the wiring requirements in the house, apartment. Depending on the type of room, on the material through which the wires are conducted, the requirements for wiring are different ...

The article describes how, using optocoupler interchanges, to input discrete information with a level of 220 V into the controller, a practical scheme is available for production in any electric laboratory.

In technological processes, it is often necessary to control the position of moving parts of machinery mechanisms. For these purposes, limit switches of various designs and operating principles have been developed and successfully applied.

Often, mechanisms with contact switches are included in automated systems running under control of controllers. In this case, information about the position of the mechanism should be transmitted to the controller that controls the operation of this mechanism.

One of these mechanisms is the most common water valve. Using her example, we will consider how to transfer information about her position to the controller. This is most simply and reliably done using optocoupler isolation. This will be discussed in this article ...

The article gives recommendations on the choice of spotlights. What you should pay attention to when buying fixtures.

Almost every one of us knows what point, recessed lamps are ... They appeared on our market relatively recently, 15-17 years ago, and immediately gained popularity. The popularity of this type of luminaire is determined by many factors: it is ease of installation, a variety of forms, aesthetics and practicality.

These lamps have been used almost everywhere where light is required. Recessed spotlights can be used as the main light, and additional, decorative. Many designers are using these fixtures in their design projects. With the help of spotlights, you can easily emphasize a particular interior detail ...

A detailed story about the popular "laser-ironing" technology for the manufacture of printed circuit boards, its features and nuances.

Printed circuit boards in radio engineering have been used for a very long time. At home or in factory electrical laboratories involved in the repair of electrical equipment, such boards had to be painted manually with various varnishes. Tools for drawing were used in a wide variety of ways, from just a sharpened match to needles from a syringe and glass drawing pens.

Now computer technology has penetrated into all spheres of human activity, including amateur radio. Printed circuit boards by hand are now no longer necessary, unless very simple, which can even be cut with a knife. But first things first ...

What is an electrical outlet, no one needs to explain. This is a fairly simple electrical device that allows you to connect various devices to the mains.

How to choose an electrical outlet so that it lasts faithfully for many years?

By design, almost all sockets are the same. As a rule, they consist of a body, a block, to which springy contacts and terminals are attached, to which, in fact, current-carrying wires are screwed.

Sockets are for industrial use, for connecting powerful, energy-intensive consumers. Such outlets, depending on the load, can be rated for current up to several hundred amperes. In this article we will consider sockets designed for use in everyday life ...

A story about what a safety transformer is, why it is needed and how it can be manufactured independently.

Many electrical, and more often electronic designs have transformerless power supplies. The power of such power supplies is usually small, but quite sufficient for powering devices such as thyristor power controllers, twilight switches, devices for slowing down incandescent lamps, timers, and many others.

Once assembled, such devices are placed in an insulating plastic case, which excludes human contact with live parts.

An isolation transformer, or as it is sometimes called a safety transformer, will be invaluable in setting up such devices. Such a transformer will not be out of place during the repair of such industrial manufacturing schemes ...

The article describes the principle of operation of several different devices for troubleshooting in wiring. This article will be useful both for beginner electricians, and for people who are just interested.

Almost every man at least once in his life, but hammered a nail into the wall. Someone in order to hang a beautiful, expensive painting, which was recently acquired at the exhibition. Someone just nailed a shelf for a flower. And surely every second thought flashed: "But is there any electric wire or fittings?" And it’s good if you have a drawing according to which electric wires were laid. And if there is no such picture? Then everyone acts at their own peril and risk.

But in order not to get into a mess and do business, there are special devices that relatively accurately indicate the presence of electrical wiring or fittings in this place.

In this article we will consider the most popular and affordable devices for finding hidden electrical wiring ...

The article describes the basic principles of designing relay circuits in accordance with a given algorithm of their operation.

The two previous articles described the basics of Boolean algebra and the algebra of relay circuits. On this basis, structural formulas were developed, and already typical contact circuits were developed on them.

Drawing up a structural formula according to a ready-made scheme is a simple matter.It is much more difficult to present the electrical circuit of the future machine according to the ready-made structural formula. It needs some training!

Figure 1 shows the most common contact circuit options and their equivalents. They will help in the preparation of electrical circuits of machines, as well as analyze ready-made structures, for example, in the process of repairing them.

How can you use the options for contact circuits discussed above? ...

The article talks about the upcoming breakthrough in the field of electronics - these are conductive plastics. The TV can be rolled up. The era of flexible electronics is about to begin.

Until now, the main role in modern electronics is played by materials such as copper (wires and other conductive parts) or silicon (semiconductors, computer "chips"). We present plastics more in the form of instrument housings, insulating coatings. Material scientists think differently, they believe that in the near future organic materials based on carbon can become the main raw material in the production of radioelements, magnets, lasers.

The possibilities of plastics are endless, if you synthesize millions of molecules, replacing individual sections in them, you can create polymers with many functions ...

The article provides practical recommendations for troubleshooting and wiring. The article is recommendatory (like, what, where) and fact-finding.

In this article, we will consider the most common wiring malfunctions in typical apartments.

After a hard working day, when you come home, you find that your apartment does not have light or sockets do not work. Do not panic.

If you live in an apartment where the wiring has not yet changed, then first you should check the circuit breakers (automatic machines) or fuses in the switchboard.

Most homes have standard wiring. If the house is more than 15-20 years old, the wiring is made of aluminum wire. Over time, aluminum corrodes and degrades ...

Continuation of the story about Boolean algebra, conventions, rules, operations. Transition to the basics of contact circuits.

The first article talked about George Bull as the creator of the algebra of logic. The second article will describe the basic operations of Boolean algebra, and methods for simplifying Boolean expressions. So, Boolean algebra uses statements as arguments, and not their meaning, but the truth or falsity of the statement.

If the statement is true, then it is written like this: A = 1, if it is false, then A = 0 (it is not true that potato is a fruit). (See the end of article No. 1). For any statement, A is either true (A = 1) or false (A = 0). There cannot be a middle here ...