When replacing halogen lamps with 12V in LED downlights, the question often arises: "Do I need to change the power source?". For halogens, we used electronic transformers with an output voltage of 12 volts, and for LED lamps special power supplies (PSUs) with an output voltage of 12 volts are also sold. What is their difference and are they interchangeable? Let's figure it out!

An electronic transformer is a circuit of a switching power supply based on a transformer and a high-frequency generator based on semiconductor switches. They are powered by 220V AC, and at their output an alternating voltage with an effective value of about 12V. The 220V power supply is first supplied to the rectifier, after which the rectified pulsating voltage with a frequency of 100 Hz is supplied to the power switch and generator assembly, consider an example of a typical circuit diagram of an electronic transformer ...

A home foreman in the household often has to do something that manually is not always easy and convenient. In this case, a variety of machines come to the rescue. But you need a device that will drive them, for example, an electric motor. But asynchronous three-phase motors, although simple in design and very common, it is not always possible to find and buy capacitors for it. Therefore, you can use engines from household appliances.

In this article, we will consider the scheme of connecting the motor from the washing machine to the network for direct rotation and reverse. Most washing machines use commutator motors. They are convenient in that they do not require starting and working capacitors, can be directly connected to the network. In addition, the simplest speed control for them can be bought at any electrical goods store. The collector motor from the washing machine consists of a stator, a rotor ...

A photometric instrument for measuring illumination is called a light meter. In addition to direct illumination, many light meters also measure brightness, and some measure the ripple coefficient of light. These measurements are carried out in order to determine the quality of light sources, as well as the characteristics of lighting at the workplace and at home.

The fact is that light affects our eyes and mood. Dim light or light with significant ripples causes eye strain, fatigue, depression ... To prevent this, the light must be properly configured, the lamps must be of good quality. In achieving these goals, the light meter also helps. The light meter photosensor senses the visible radiation directed at it, which initiates a current in the measuring device circuit, the magnitude of which is proportional to the illumination. Thus, the magnitude and other parameters of this current can be judged on the illumination ...

Many of us know about the Internet of Things (IoT - Internet of Things) firsthand, someone believes that the Internet is in full swing over the world, and some consider this idea a great exaggeration and generally too ambitious. How are things really? Is it possible to somehow verify these allegations, to verify their validity or to refute?

In fact, this article was written to make sure that the IoT applications already operating in the world are numerous and diverse. We will consider real examples from a dozen areas of everyday life of a modern person, in which the Internet of things has long been working.Already today, IoT applications help us make life more comfortable and secure. There are a large number of products embedded in the Smart Home system. Among them: intelligent thermostats and air conditioners, speakers, smart sockets, smoke and movement sensors, open door sensors ...

When acquiring a diesel generator for one purpose or another, it is important to understand the principle of its operation, because if you don’t understand what you are dealing with, you can accidentally lose sight of the symptoms of malfunctions, and simply violate the operating rules of this unit.

The most common diesel generator (which is suitable for a home or a small enterprise as a source of backup power supply) consists of several main units installed inside the frame, often protected by a noise-absorbing casing: a fuel tank, a diesel engine, a manual starter, an electronic automatic control and voltage stabilization unit , alternator (directly alternator), battery with charger. In addition, engine lubrication and cooling systems, as well as an exhaust system, are implemented within the diesel generator frame. The principle of electricity production in this type of generator is based ...

When we make repairs and the wire of the drill or grinder turns out to be short, the usual extension cord comes to the rescue. It can be just a long two-wire cable with a single outlet on one end and with a plug on the other. Another popular household option is a round three-outlet extension cord, combining a reel for storing wires and three sockets - a classic of the 90s.

Previously, such an extension cord could be found in almost any apartment. However, devices of this plan are very primitive. In fact, they are designed to physically increase the length of the wire of the appliance if it does not reach the nearest wall outlet, nothing more. A tee, a two-wire wire, a plug - that's the whole extension cord. The surge protector is a more complicated thing. With the widespread use of personal computers, it became necessary to have several outlets at the same time near the desktop ...

In 2008, the Japanese company Ushio, specializing in the manufacture of lighting equipment, first proposed the idea of ​​creating LED lamps that would be as close as possible to classic incandescent lamps. The innovation was called "Filament Led", because the word "filament" in translation from English means "filament".

Bulbs of this type are colloquially called "filament" or "LED incandescent lamps," although in reality they are just LED lamps, just the LEDs in them are very small, specially designed for this particular technical solution. The idea of ​​creating this type of LED lamps was born out of a need for decorative lighting. At first, these were not very bright lamps; their luminous flux would not be enough to ensure full lighting ...

The modern electrochemical industry boasts a wide variety of electrical insulating materials. Glass fiber materials, which include synthetic resins, deserve special attention, since these materials are not only highly electric, but also have significant mechanical strength, as well as heat and moisture resistance.

Natural electrical insulating materials, such as mica and asbestos, artificial counterparts - electrical cardboard and cotton tapes,- they share the market for modern electrical insulation with high-quality fiberglass, which is part of fiberglass fabrics, fiberglass, glass tape and fiberglass. In addition, synthetic films are widely used: melinex, lavsan and others. It is thanks to the appearance of synthetics in the composition of electrical insulation materials, power and durability of modern equipment...

In a normally functioning three-phase network, the linear voltages (voltages between each pair of phase conductors) are equal in magnitude and differ in phase by 120 degrees. Accordingly, the phase voltages (voltages between each phase conductor and the neutral conductor) are equal in magnitude and have similar phase differences.

As follows from the above, the phase angles between these voltages are equal to each other. This is called the "symmetric three-phase voltage system." If you connect a symmetrical load to such a network, that is, a three-phase load at which the currents of each phase are equal in magnitude and phase, then such a load will create a symmetrical system of currents (with the same phase angle between them). This is possible provided that in all three phases of the load there are identical reactive and active resistances ...

Solar panels, also called solar panels or solar modules, are built from separate photovoltaic converters (the so-called solar cells), which are connected to each other in series and parallel circuits, collectively working as a single current source.

Actually one panel can be considered as a current source. Several solar panels form an autonomous solar power station, which can be small (if we are talking about a private house, for example) or large (if we are talking about an industrial solar power station) power. The size of a solar station depends on its purpose and on the needs of its consumer. One solar panel usually contains the number of elements in multiples of 12, namely: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 or 72 solar cells. The rated power of one such panel usually lies in the range from 30 to 350 watts ...

Most often, speaking about the degradation of the LED, they mean the process of a gradual decrease in its brightness due to poor cooling of the crystal. Under the concept of “degradation of the LED” can also be meant the premature arrival of a semiconductor light source inappropriately or a change in the original color temperature.

However, degradation can be caused by various reasons, despite the fact that the result always looks the same - an unacceptable decrease in the brightness of the LED or in general the cessation of light emitting in response to a power supply. LED degradation can be a real problem where color accuracy is crucial, such as in hospitals, exhibition halls, and museums. Let's look at the causes of LED degradation. So, as we have already found out, the aging process of an LED is called degradation. First of all, this is reflected in a decrease in brightness ...

In 2006, an American engineer Scott Bruso from Idaho, along with his wife Julie, created Solar Roadways. Having collected the necessary amount of money with crowdfunding, the company began to produce modular road blocks with integrated solar panels and LED inserts, coated with laminated glass, the strength of which is not inferior to concrete. The idea was so brilliant that it instantly found many supporters around the world.

Since 2014, the invention began to be introduced. For the first time it was installed in a parking lot near a supermarket.Car parking literally converted the energy of the sun into electricity, which was then used both to illuminate the interactive parking road signs and to melt the snow. Soon, the intention of the inventor became interested outside the United States. In 2014, the idea of ​​electricity-generating pavement was realized ...