The term amplifier is very ambiguous. It can be a hydraulic booster, well known to motorists, a magnetic amplifier, which was once used in automation systems. Electromechanical and relay amplifiers are also known.

The principle of operation of all amplifiers is the same: under the influence of a weak control signal, a powerful output signal appears at the output of the amplifier. Naturally, to obtain an output signal of high power requires an external energy source.

For example, controlling a relay coil requires power in a fraction of a watt, while contacts can switch a load of several kilowatts. As they say, there is a gain in power. But in this article only electronic amplifiers will be briefly reviewed. They are the most common node of various devices and devices ...

Power supply systems using autonomous sources are becoming increasingly popular among owners of country houses. It is understandable: the cost of electricity supplied centrally is growing steadily year by year. In addition, the quality of this electricity often leaves much to be desired, and constant power outages in some regions generally preclude the normal use of the benefits of civilization. Then the idea will inevitably arise of having your own power source and not depend on anyone.

There are several ways to provide autonomous power generation at home, but, unfortunately, they are not without their drawbacks. Consider the main ones in more detail. Gasoline or diesel generator set. The advantage of these installations is true autonomy ...

The topic of LED lighting is, recently, one of the most popular. In most cases, on the Internet, among home-made light sources, I had to meet lamps made from separate LEDs and installed in the body of a faulty energy-saving lamp along with a power supply.

This arrangement allows the use of an LED lamp instead of a conventional incandescent lamp without any alteration of the lamp. Some disadvantage of this design is to recognize the relative complexity of manufacturing a printed circuit board, which usually has the shape of a circle.

However, at the present time, LED strips have become very popular. But, as a rule, they are used mainly for decorative lighting and very rarely - as lighting. However, if not for main lighting, then for local illumination of certain areas ...

Before the advent of solid-state logic circuits, the development of logical control systems was based on electromechanical relays. To this day, the relays are not outdated in their destination, but nevertheless in some of their previous functions they are replaced by a controller.

In modern industry there are a large number of different systems and processes that require automation, but now such systems are rarely designed from relays. Modern production processes need a device that is programmed to perform various logical functions. In the late 1960s, the American company Bedford Associates developed a computer device called MODICON (Modular Digital Controller). Later, the name of the device became the name of the unit of the company that designed, made and sold it ...

To simplify the story, you can imagine a transistor in the form of a variable resistor.The conclusion of the base is just the very handle that you can twist. In this case, the resistance of the collector - emitter section changes. Of course, you don’t need to twist the base, it can come off. But to apply some voltage to it relative to the emitter, of course, is possible.

If the voltage is not applied at all, but simply take and close the conclusions of the base and emitter, even if not short, but through a resistor of several KOhms. It turns out that the base-emitter voltage (Ube) is zero. Consequently, there is no base current. The transistor is closed, the collector current is negligible, just the same initial current. About the same as a diode in the opposite direction! In this case, they say that the transistor is in the OFF position, which in ordinary language means it is closed or locked. The opposite state is called saturation ...

First you need to decide what a warm floor is and why it is needed. The warm floor is not just a device that allows you to walk without shudder on the tiled floor of the bathroom in the early cold morning. This is a room heating system, which in some cases can even be primary, rather than auxiliary.

Moreover, heating a room with underfloor heating has a number of advantages compared to radiator heating. So, heated air near the floor surface retains a feeling of warmth and comfort, and colder in the upper part of the room provides freshness at the required humidity level. In a word, a warm floor is a favorable microclimate in an apartment or a room. There are two options for installing a heated floor in a country house: water and electric underfloor heating. In the article, we will consider in detail the option of installing an electric floor heating ...

The appearance on the market of T5 standard fluorescent lamps marked a new era in the development of gas-discharge light sources. With a small bulb diameter, these lamps have very high efficiency and a long service life. But the main news was their complete incompatibility with existing lighting fixtures. Is such a decision justified in relation to hundreds of millions of luminaires for T8 lamps, and what are the reasons for this approach?

The electrical and structural parameters of T5 lamps are such that it is impossible to ignite or maintain operating parameters using traditional ballast equipment (ballasts). For example, the operating voltage of an 80 W lamp is 152 V, and for a 35 W lamp at a current of 0.175 A, the operating voltage is even equal to 205 V. With a network voltage of 220V, no electromagnetic ballasts can provide such operating parameters - the lamps will inevitably go out ...

Once, thanks to AutoCAD, designers switched from working on computers to computers. However, modern projects are so complex, and their production deadlines are so tight that AutoCAD no longer meets all modern design requirements.

Currently, various computer-aided design systems are actively replacing the "electronic culman", offering to accelerate the implementation of the project, automate routine work, monitor the design process and warn about errors.

AutoCAD Electrical is a well-known AutoCAD for creating projects in the field of electrical engineering, automation, industrial control systems, instrumentation and automation systems and other areas. The program contains a full set of AutoCAD functions, to which specialized tools are added that automate the processes of creating diagrams, layout drawings, report generation, etc.