Suppose we have decided on the place of installation of the electric stove or washing machine. We decided where we will install the corresponding sockets, chose a cable, even purchased it in the required quantity, taking into account the required margin of several meters.

The current question is how to install this cable all the way from the apartment panel to the power outlet? After all, we are not just pulling the cable, we are installing part of the electrical wiring, which is subject to electrical safety and fire safety requirements. In addition, since this is an apartment, the newly installed part of the wiring should not offend our aesthetic taste. Everything should be neat, beautiful and safe. Consider popular cable management methods. If the walls in the apartment are made of non-combustible materials (concrete, brick or something like that), and the installation of equipment was timed to a major repair ...

The TN-C electrical grounding system has long been outlawed and banned for use. But it is easy to ban, but what about those whose homes were commissioned long before the introduction of new norms and rules?

Indeed, for the operating organization, the modernization of the common house wiring and bringing it at least to the TN-C-S system is an overwhelming waste of time, effort and money. And therefore, people living in old-built houses often face the challenge of incorporating modern household appliances into a two-wire network with a TN-C grounding system. And most of the questions arise when connecting powerful devices with a metal case.

The latter relates, first of all, to the electric stove and the washing machine. So, how do you enable these devices in your TN-C home network? The sequence of actions is ...

Everyone knows the usual incandescent lamp so long ago and has firmly entered our everyday life, which is perceived as something completely ordinary, taken for granted. But it was not always so. Only in the mid-19th century did the first working lamps begin to be created. Before widespread use was still very far away. Mass distribution of electric lighting systems became possible after Russian inventors created devices that could be used not only in laboratory conditions.

The origins of the study of the possibility of using electric lighting systems lie at the beginning of the XIX century. Back in 1802, our compatriot V.V. Petrov established that with the help of an electric arc "dark calm can be quite clearly illuminated." Searches were conducted in different directions. Some inventors tried to solve the problem by applying directly the flame of an electric arc ...

Household appliances are becoming more and more sophisticated every year. So "smarter" that when buying you start to doubt your mental usefulness.

It seems that you can hardly really master this miracle - you would remember how to turn on the simplest and most necessary set of functions, and the rest of the gadgets will obviously remain without use. In addition, the idea arises that, since the technique is complex, it is as easy as spoiling or breaking it.

And when it comes to a washing machine or an electric stove, it must be kept in mind that they still need to be connected. Yes, and do it right. After all, an entry in the instruction manual explicitly states: “The connection must be made by qualified specialists. Otherwise, the warranty may not be valid. ” And the guarantee is our everything! ...

Given the high popularity of LED light sources both among buyers and sellers, you should dwell in more detail on what parameters are used to characterize the consumer properties of such lamps, which, in fact, should be paid attention to when buying.

First of all, any lamp, including LED, is characterized by the amount of power consumption (watts). Typically, the power of LED lamps for domestic purposes ranges from 1 to 10 watts, although there are much more powerful sources for street lighting - 100 watts or more. Strictly speaking, the power consumption characterizes only the rate of energy consumption from the network, and in order to understand how much the lamp shines, you should ask the seller about the amount of light output. The luminous flux is measured in lumens and most fully characterizes the light source ...

Over a long period of time, many Western European representatives of various fields of science disseminated knowingly false information about our country and our people. According to them, it turned out that there could not be at least some worthy masters or scientists among the Russians. At one time, there was even such a slanderous fiction: "Of the Russian, neither scientists nor artists can be."

This lie has firmly entered the minds of many of our compatriots, not to mention those who live in the West. This situation is maintained consciously, forcing many to believe that the best technical innovations and scientific achievements are entirely the merit of Western scientists and masters.

But it is worth taking a closer look at what was created, openly or investigated, how it is discovered that Russian scientists and inventors were in many ways the first, paving the way for further research ...

Let me remind you that this is a diagram of a specific instance of the device and some of its parts may look redundant, and the parameters of individual elements with a large margin. Nevertheless, it was tuned and adjusted to the actual operating conditions and is fully operational.

The purpose of the individual elements of the circuit and the operation of the device is more convenient to consider in the following block diagram.

1. Transformer and rectifiers; 2. The voltage reference driver for a short-circuit protection circuit; 3. Active element of protection against short circuit; 4. Shaper of the reference voltage for the stabilization circuit and adjust the output voltage; 5. The node for adjusting the output voltage; 6. The active element of the stabilization and adjustment of the output voltage; 7. Regulating transistors; 8. The node display parameters of the output voltage ...

Have you ever thought about what path electric energy takes before you find yourself, for example, in a power outlet, into which your computer is now plugged in? Synchronous generators, transformers, power lines, distribution and step-down substations, cable or overhead lines of 0.4 kV ... In short, the path is not easy and not close.

But here the coveted 220 or 380 volts through the input cable came to your apartment or private house. It would seem that all ordeals are over. But it was not there. It turns out that in an apartment, electricity also needs to be divided, distributed across various networks. And this completely responsible task is often necessary for the owners of residential premises to solve independently or with the help of hired specialists. It was only at the dawn of the use of household electricity that it was customary to bring two wires into the house, and then twist them in one input box ...

Suddenly I discovered that recently, good table lamps are starting to disappear from stores. Everywhere now basically only fixtures with CFL 9/11 W are now. I think that the light from such bulbs is too little to work with various small details and just comfortable reading, not to mention the letter.

In my opinion, the lamp with a diffuse reflector of sufficient size for an incandescent lamp with a power of 75-100 W is best cope with the functions of a table lamp (60 W is not enough, but if you lower the lamp low, then you can also use 60 W), and for particularly accurate work (for example embroidery) this may not be enough - you have to temporarily screw in 150 watts. Lamps are best used matte or, even better, dairy. Mirror reflectors give too sharp shadows. The lamp should be on a tripod, allowing you to freely adjust it in all planes. But there are fewer such lamps on sale! ...

"Retro" and "vintage". These two words alone can cause a sinking heart in a certain category of people endowed with an increased sense of beauty. These people are consistent in everything, so the retro wiring in their eyes represents good taste and originality.

And if the house is built, for example, from logs, and the interior is deliberately missing, then retro wiring on casters will certainly look the most aesthetically pleasing. Indeed, in such a situation, the plastic cable channel will not fit snugly against the wall because of the grooves between the logs, and cable installation using brackets on combustible structures is prohibited. About the dull gray and everyday corrugated pipe and completely silent.

It turns out that the choice of retro wiring for installation in a wooden house is quite justified. So what is retro wiring? ...

As an example of calculating the illumination, we consider the use of luminaires built into a suspended ceiling. This case, on the one hand, is quite relevant, on the other hand, it is practically not described in classical manuals on lighting engineering and, finally, quite complete data on the characteristics of halogen lamps with a reflector are given in the catalogs of light sources.

The OSRAM catalogs provide not only parameters such as axial luminous intensity and a flat angle corresponding to the solid angle, within which the luminous intensity drops by half, but also a curve of the angular distribution of luminous intensity, as well as a visual image of the change in illumination as the distance from the lamp changes. Consider first the task of lighting a bathroom measuring 1.7 x 1.7 m2. We ask ourselves: what is the minimum number of halogen lamps that must be used to meet the requirements ...

An isolation transformer is a transformer that is designed for electrical (experts say - galvanic) separation of the power supply network and the consumer of electricity. Consumers are us and why divide us? For safety!

The main task of the isolation transformer is to increase electrical safety due to the fact that its secondary circuits do not have electrical connection with the ground, and therefore with the grounded neutral of the transformer substation - a voltage source.

In this case, the occurrence of an electrical breakdown on the case does not cause overcurrents, and the device itself remains in working condition. If a person accidentally touches a part of a device that is accidentally energized, the leakage current will not exceed a life-threatening threshold and tragedy will not happen ...