There are so many different amplifiers that in one article, even very briefly, it is impossible to describe them, but sound amplifiers cannot be ignored. Of course, we will not write about tube monsters here, but several semiconductor structures suitable for independent manufacture will have to be remembered.

One of the most popular designs for beginner hams is UMZCH. With the seeming simplicity, well, there, just to play the music, it is these UMZCHs that are one of the most complex devices in the repair and independent manufacture and adjustment. It is enough to take the old Radio magazines and get acquainted with the methodology for setting up amplifiers. But, in fairness, it must be said that some schemes work completely without adjustment. True, there are not very many of them. In modern conditions, if you do not want to be killed by the pangs of creativity, painstakingly establish a obstinate scheme ...

From a letter from a reader of the mailing list: “Using SIEMENS LOGO! Controller, I want to practice learning how to program controllers, automate different processes and in the future create a comprehensive smart home system. Tell me if this is possible and what additional modules you need to buy for a LOGO controller for organization smart home? "

In this article, we will try to answer the question of the newsletter reader - we will consider the possibility of using programmable logic controllers for home automation and for creating a "smart home" system.

Before considering the use of automation tools, let's understand what is generally meant by the concept of "smart" house? Is it possible to consider a dimmer installed in the circuit of one of the lamps as an intelligent home? If not, at what point does the “intellectuality” of the home begin? After all, even with an abundance of various devices ...

One of the distinguishing features of household electrical networks of large country houses is the presence of a large number of powerful power consumers. In addition to the traditional electric stove, it can be various hot water boilers, ventilation and pump installations, and some in the common house economy can even find professional stationary machines or other industrial units that operate on electricity.

Powerful receivers can be considered those devices whose current rating exceeds the limit for the most powerful 220 volt sockets. This limit is 16 amperes, which corresponds to approximately 3.5 kilowatts for a single-phase network. Not so little, if you look. Indeed, for example, quick-boiling kettles have an average power of only two kilowatts, and most other household appliances - even less. But the fact is that the socket can be used to connect, but not to turn on the device ...

The appearance on the market of T5 standard fluorescent lamps marked a new era in the development of gas-discharge light sources. With a small bulb diameter, these lamps have very high efficiency and a long service life. But the main news was their complete incompatibility with existing lighting fixtures. Is such a decision justified in relation to hundreds of millions of luminaires for T8 lamps, and what are the reasons for this approach?

The electrical and structural parameters of T5 lamps are such that it is impossible to ignite or maintain operating parameters using traditional ballast equipment (ballasts). For example, the operating voltage of an 80 W lamp is 152 V, and for a 35 W lamp at a current of 0.175 A, the operating voltage is even equal to 205 V.With a network voltage of 220V, no electromagnetic ballasts can provide such operating parameters - the lamps will inevitably go out ...

The reason for writing the article was my viewing of several projects for the power supply of private houses. Designers are highly qualified specialists (he worked as a designer for 17 years), so I think that this is just a misunderstanding, which should be IMMEDIATELY corrected.

Now essentially the problem. In connection with the new requirements, the connection of private residential buildings should be done through the metering panel, which is installed outside the house. In all projects, this was done according to the scheme shown in the figure.

The analysis of this scheme does not withstand any criticism from the point of view of electrical safety of the residents of such a house. In case of malfunctions No. 1 and No. 3 (no contact) and malfunction No. 2 (PE wire break), the power supply to the apartment building will not be interrupted, and the protection circuits along the PE conductors will not work ...

The article discusses the most common causes of problems in the wiring, and talks about how to deal with them yourself.

Why suddenly the lights go out in the apartment and the appliances stop working? There may be several reasons for this. Contact is broken at the junction, mechanical damage to the wires when drilling the walls to install any fasteners, short circuit or wire break in the wall.

The machine on the landing is the first device that protects the common network from the wiring in the apartment. If the machine’s flag is in the “on” position, and there is no voltage at its output contacts (checked by a tester or indicator), then the reasons may be as follows: short circuit, damaged machine, current leakage through RCD, problem with wiring ...

In today's article, we will consider laying the TV cable to the apartment, its wiring to the television signal receivers, and the main points and rules that must be taken into account in this, so that in the future, the image and sound quality on your TVs are excellent.

For successful installation of a TV cable, it is necessary to take into account some rules, the specifics and features of this type of work, which we will now consider.

What are the general rules and features of the process of laying and connecting a TV cable in an apartment? We will consider the most difficult version of the work - this is the supply of the TV cable from the staircase (interfloor panel board) to the apartment and its subsequent wiring to the television signal receivers in it. When laying a television cable, you need to remember the following ...

Where to get energy? It is no secret that sooner or later people will run out of oil, gas, coal, and even uranium, which are still left on the planet. A reasonable question arises: "What to do next?" Where to get energy? " After all, our whole life is based on the use of energy. It turns out that after the hydrocarbon reserves run out, the existence of civilization will end too?

There is an exit! These are the so-called alternative energy sources. By the way, many of them are used, and successfully, already at present. The energy of wind, tides, the sun and geothermal sources ─ is successfully used and converted by people into electricity. But these are “official alternative sources”. Currently, there are hundreds of theories and developments on the creation and use of unusual alternative energy sources. The alternative energy sources described in this article are ...

The term amplifier is very ambiguous.It can be a hydraulic booster, well known to motorists, a magnetic amplifier, which was once used in automation systems. Electromechanical and relay amplifiers are also known.

The principle of operation of all amplifiers is the same: under the influence of a weak control signal, a powerful output signal appears at the output of the amplifier. Naturally, to obtain an output signal of high power requires an external energy source.

For example, controlling a relay coil requires power in a fraction of a watt, while contacts can switch a load of several kilowatts. As they say, there is a gain in power. But in this article only electronic amplifiers will be briefly reviewed. They are the most common node of various devices and devices ...

Power supply systems using autonomous sources are becoming increasingly popular among owners of country houses. It is understandable: the cost of electricity supplied centrally is growing steadily year by year. In addition, the quality of this electricity often leaves much to be desired, and constant power outages in some regions generally preclude the normal use of the benefits of civilization. Then the idea will inevitably arise of having your own power source and not depend on anyone.

There are several ways to provide autonomous power generation at home, but, unfortunately, they are not without their drawbacks. Consider the main ones in more detail. Gasoline or diesel generator set. The advantage of these installations is true autonomy ...

The topic of LED lighting is, recently, one of the most popular. In most cases, on the Internet, among home-made light sources, I had to meet lamps made of separate LEDs and installed in the body of a faulty energy-saving lamp along with a power supply.

This arrangement allows the use of an LED lamp instead of a conventional incandescent lamp without any alteration of the lamp. Some disadvantage of this design is to recognize the relative complexity of manufacturing a printed circuit board, which usually has the shape of a circle.

However, at the present time, LED strips have become very popular. But, as a rule, they are used mainly for decorative lighting and very rarely - as lighting. However, if not for main lighting, then for local illumination of certain areas ...

Before the advent of solid-state logic circuits, the development of logical control systems was based on electromechanical relays. To this day, the relays are not outdated in their destination, but nevertheless in some of their previous functions they are replaced by a controller.

In modern industry there are a large number of different systems and processes that require automation, but now such systems are rarely designed from relays. Modern production processes need a device that is programmed to perform various logical functions. In the late 1960s, the American company Bedford Associates developed a computer device called MODICON (Modular Digital Controller). Later, the name of the device became the name of the unit of the company that designed, made and sold it ...