Prerequisites for the appearance of galvanic cells. A bit of history. In 1786, the Italian professor of medicine, physiologist Luigi Aloisio Galvani discovered an interesting phenomenon: the muscles of the hind legs of a freshly opened corpse of a frog suspended on copper hooks contracted when the scientist touched them with a steel scalpel. Galvani immediately concluded that this was a manifestation of "animal electricity."

After the death of Galvani, his contemporary Alessandro Volta, as a chemist and physicist, will describe and publicly demonstrate a more realistic mechanism for the occurrence of electric current when different metals come into contact. Volta, after a series of experiments, will come to the unequivocal conclusion that the current appears in the circuit due to the presence in it of two conductors of different metals placed in a liquid, and this is not at all “animal electricity”, as Galvani thought. The twitching of the frog's legs was the result ...

The time has come when knowledge of electricians has become necessary for people of all specialties. New technologies based on the use of electronics, microprocessor developments have firmly entered our lives and everyday life. Even ordinary plant care can now be automated, entrusted to robots and automatic systems that, after setting user parameters, will maintain a microclimate, provide strictly metered watering, and create optimal conditions for growth and development.

The main elements necessary for the operation of the automatic plant watering system are shown in the picture explaining the principle of automation. The main objective of such a system is to provide plants with the amount of water they absolutely need, taking into account the actual precipitation. To this end, numerous scientific studies have already been carried out. ...

The life of a modern person is hard to imagine without electricity. In everyday life, many different electrical appliances and electronic devices are used that make life comfortable and allow solving various problems. At a picnic or on a camping trip, the question arises of where to get electricity in nature, because even far away from civilization, modern man cannot do without a number of electrical appliances and devices.

We will not give tips on how to get electricity from wood, fruits, natural materials, etc. - these methods will fit only as an experiment showing the presence of minimal potential. We are only interested in reliable and proven methods that will provide power to electrical appliances for the required period of time. If you need to use various gadgets in nature, photo, video and audio equipment ...

In the early 2000s, Chinese inventors Lawrence Tseng and Li Cheng (Lawrence TSEUNG, Cheung LEE) proposed a method of extracting energy from gravity based on their adjusted pendulum theory. They realized that if you push the pendulum, then it immediately begins to withdraw gravitational energy.

If the momentum of force F continues to be applied to the pendulum in resonance, then it will continue to extract gravitational energy. This energy can be extracted, for example, if the metal pendulum is forced to cross the lines of the magnetic field, then mechanical energy will be converted into electrical energy. Although the swinging motion of the pendulum begins to slow down, the pendulum can be accelerated again due to the impulse of force F. The swinging movement can even be replaced by rotational, for a more effective implementation of this principle.Such devices can work everywhere, even on the moon, because gravitational energy is unlimited ...

When an electric current passes through a solution or a melt of an electrolyte, dissolved electrodes or other substances that are the products of secondary reactions on the electrodes are released on the electrodes. This physicochemical process is called electrolysis.

The essence of electrolysis is in the electric field created by the electrodes, the ions in the conducting fluid come in an orderly motion. The negative electrode is the cathode, the positive is the anode. Negative ions rush to the anode, called anions (hydroxyl group ions and acid residues), and positive ions rush to the cathode, called cations (hydrogen, metal, ammonium ions, etc.) An oxidation-reduction process takes place on the electrodes: the cathode electrochemical particle reduction. Dissociation reactions in an electrolyte are primary reactions, and reactions that occurdirectly on the electrodes ...

The field of electronics engaged in the development of technological and physical foundations for the construction of integrated electronic circuits with element sizes less than 100 nanometers is called nanoelectronics. The term "nanoelectronics" itself reflects the transition from the microelectronics of modern semiconductors, where the sizes of elements are measured in units of micrometers, to smaller elements - with sizes of tens of nanometers.

With the transition to nanoscale, quantum effects begin to dominate in the schemes, revealing many new properties, and, accordingly, marking the prospects for their useful use. And if for microelectronics quantum effects often remained parasitic, because for example with the decrease in the size of the transistor the tunnel effect begins to interfere with its operation, then nanoelectronics on the contrary is called to use such effects as the basis for nanoheterostructured electronics ...

Home automation often starts with the simple, urgent task of controlling lighting. It is often necessary to control the on and off light from different places or from a common remote control or a set of buttons. Moreover, the number of lighting fixtures, rooms, switches is always different. And the control scheme is different from task to task.

In this material we will consider a universal tool for solving such a problem - a freely programmable controller Aries PLC. With this device, you can automate the lighting of almost any complexity. At the same time, intermediate contacts are not needed, switching of electric circuits occurs using built-in electromagnetic relays. The creation of the work algorithm begins with the download of the CoDeSys program. It is free and is included in the scope of delivery of the PLC ...

The issue of generating electricity by alternative methods is quite relevant in our time. One of the options for providing electricity to the house is the installation of a solar power station. This option can be used as an additional alternative source of electricity or as the main one, if there is a task of power supply at home in the absence of the ability to connect to electrical networks, for example, because of their remoteness.

The first stage in the implementation of this idea is the calculation of the future power plant. In this article, we give recommendations that will help to correctly calculate the required power of a future solar power station and correctly assess the possibility of implementing this idea depending on various factors.First of all, it is necessary to determine what tasks a future power plant should fulfill ...

Let's look at an example of a sequence of steps to select a controller. First of all, through search engines, for example, Yandex and Google, I collect information on all charge controllers that online stores offer in the country. Of course, I draw attention to the proposals in my region. If prices including delivery in the home region are comparable to prices in other areas of the country, I take such suggestions into account. If they are "transcendental" - I do not consider at all.

In my situation, there were no such offers nearby and my choice was somewhat “facilitated”. I will not give examples of stores that have come into my view, so that, God forbid, not impose my subjective opinion, moreover, not provoke you to make a mistake if, suddenly, my choice is not correct. I will say only one thing. In any case, before placing an order you should have ...

One of the indispensable devices of the backup power supply system of your home is an inverter. This device is designed to convert direct current from batteries to alternating voltage of 220 V with a frequency of 50 Hz, that is, it provides similar power supply to electrical appliances in your home. Along the way, the inverter can solve additional problems. Such as, for example, load shedding during critical discharge of batteries. There are inverters that include a charge controller.

Please note that this device is required for backup power supply, as The main power is supplied by a network voltage of 220 V AC with a frequency of 50 Hz. Since backup power supply is necessary when the main power is turned off, it must provide the same parameters as the mains one. In the case of autonomous power supply ...

Let's do a classic calculation of the entire solar power supply system, including the solar battery. I want to warn you right away, in this calculation I did not pursue the goal of minimizing economic indicators (we will deal with this later), but only set the task to show the calculation procedure. Based on the list of devices that we listed, we can determine the main parameters of the inverter for our system.

Firstly, since the list of devices contains devices that include engines: an electric pump, a refrigerator, a washing machine, a vacuum cleaner, we can certainly and should talk about an inverter that has a sinusoidal voltage output rather than a quasi-sinusoid. Secondly, the input voltage of the inverter must correspond to the voltage chosen by us - 24V. As for power, its choice depends on how you agree to use your devices. If you find it necessary to simultaneously ...

Whether we confess to ourselves or not, this does not change the essence. Very often, when we begin to implement our serious, especially less serious plans, we neglect projects or calculations. This, as a rule, does not lead to the expected results, or the total time or material costs are not expected at all. Of course, everything must be considered. It is unlikely that anyone will disagree.

As for solar panels, the calculation of their power is simply necessary, since the slightest deviation in any direction leads to a change in material costs by an order of magnitude.There is one more indisputable benefit from the calculation procedure - a conscious, clear understanding of the operating procedure of the future solar power station is being formed. Only a person who has operated an autonomous power supply system in his house will fully understand what this means. And this understanding comes down to one thing ...