For beginners, electronics engineers, it is important to understand how the parts work, how they are drawn on the circuit and how to understand the electrical circuit diagram. To do this, you first need to familiarize yourself with the principle of operation of the elements, and how to read electronics circuits I will describe in this article on examples of popular devices for beginners.

A diagram is a diagram in which, with the help of certain symbols, the details of a diagram are depicted, lines are their connections. Moreover, if the lines intersect, then there is no contact between these conductors, and if there is a point at the intersection, this is the junction of several conductors. In addition to icons and lines, the diagram depicts letter symbols. All designations are standardized, each country has its own standards, for example, in Russia they adhere to the standard GOST 2.710-81. Schemes do not always read from left to right and from top to bottom ...

Of course, any charger in the course of its work, at least a little, but it must be warmed up, here it’s enough to recall the Joule-Lenz law, indicating that if the current flows through the conductor, then heating of this conductor will be observed, if of course we are talking about a real conductor, for example about the same copper, or about the semiconductor from which diodes and transistors are made.

Even the most ordinary wires, one way or another from the current, are always slightly warmed up. But some chargers sometimes get hot beyond measure. Let's try to figure out why this happens. In the case of current chargers, the reason for their heating or overheating is not only in Joule heat. Any modern mains charger is, first of all, a step-down pulse converter. And in the step-down pulse converter there is, firstly, a pulse transformer ...

It happens that the network power supply of some portable device burns out, and we have to flee urgently to the store in order to buy a new one. But how to determine if the power supply offered in the store is compatible with our device? Will it fit, will it not harm the device, will it burn it, will it pull, will it burn itself? So the question is about choosing the most suitable power supply.

We can talk about a charger for a tablet, a power supply for a router, laptop or printer, for a scanner or monitor, for a game console or for anything else, up to an automatic device for measuring blood pressure. It is not enough today in our everyday life devices with external power supplies (usually DC), which are plugged into a wall outlet. The first step is to find the voltage information that your device needs. It is measured in volts and is indicated 24 V, 12 V, 5V ...

Mark Hendershot's father, Leicester Hendershot, was an inventor. He has succeeded more than once in his many attempts to create practical things. Lester made electronic toys, and even sold some of his ideas to small industries. But his main idea was so revolutionary that it confused the country's largest scientists, because they still could not substantiate it. And if this idea were improved, then it would eliminate the need for many utilities, completely changing most of the concepts that were relevant at that time.

The first invention of Lester Hendershot from this area was called the “motor” in newspapers, but in fact it was a generator powered by the Earth’s magnetic field. Later models created enough electricity to power a 120 volt light bulb and a desktop radio at the same time. The inventor’s son witnessed this energy ...

The most energy-efficient artificial lighting technology to date is LED lighting. And since LEDs are capricious, they need special power. You can’t just turn on and turn on the LEDs to the outlet, and if it looks like this, then most likely there is a converter for the mains voltage to the required low constant voltage, but it is hidden inside the base part, say, of an LED lamp.

However, we do not always deal with an LED lamp, sometimes it is necessary to connect single LEDs or an LED strip, so choosing a power supply for LEDs for someone can become quite an urgent task. Let’s figure out what’s happening in this article. A correctly selected power supply for LEDs is the key to high-quality and reliable lighting. And since the LEDs need constant current, the mains voltage must first be converted ...

It is necessary to consider this topic from magnetic starters from representatives of the Soviet era. Bright representatives are PML and the like. Starters are used to switch a powerful load with a control signal with a small current. The control signal is supplied to the coil, which creates a magnetic field. It, in turn, creates a force on the magnetic circuit, which is mechanically connected with moving power contacts and block contacts.

The magnetic starter can be divided into two parts: upper and lower. In the lower part there is a coil and a fixed part of the magnetic circuit, terminal terminals of the coil. The upper part of the starter contains: a set of contacts, a moving part of the magnetic circuit with a return spring. It is needed to open the contacts, when voltage is not applied to the coil, the contacts return normal position. On many copies it is located ...

If the phase and zero of the electric network are connected to each other under voltage, not directly through the consumer, but directly, then a short circuit will occur, short for short circuit. Short circuit is the connection of the conductors of the individual phases to each other or to the ground through a relatively low resistance, which is assumed to be zero with a dead metal short circuit.

No network is designed for continuous operation in this mode. However, this emergency mode sometimes occurs. So, a short circuit can occur due to a violation of the insulation of the wiring or due to an accidental short circuit of unlike conductors by the conductive parts of the electrical equipment. Normal operation of the electrical network will be disrupted. To prevent this undesirable phenomenon, electricians use terminal blocks or simply isolate the connections ...

Many beginner hams find it difficult to determine the type of power supply, but it's not so difficult. The main methods of voltage conversion are the use of one of two circuitry options: transformer and transformerless power sources.

In turn, transformers differ in the type of circuit: network, with a transformer operating at a frequency of 50 Hz and a pulse, with a transformer operating at high frequencies (tens of thousands of Hz). Pulse circuits of power supplies can increase the overall efficiency of the final product, by avoiding static losses on linear stabilizers and other elements. If there is a need for power from a 220 V household power supply, the simplest devices can be turned on from power supplies using ballast elements to lower the voltage. A widely known example of such a power source ...

No matter how economical the LEDs are, there is no limit to perfection. And the next step in optimizing efficient light sources is luminaires with motion sensors for houses and apartments. Imagine that you no longer need to press the switch button, but just enter the room and the light will turn on itself. The lamp will notice you and immediately light the light.

At the same time, we are not talking about a “smart home” system with some kind of complex software. On the contrary, the motion sensor is built directly into the lamp or is connected directly to it by a wire. Such a sensor works on the principle of an infrared sensor, the so-called "volume", which is completely safe for both humans and animals. Where can this be claimed? Firstly, in the hallways and hallways of houses and office buildings. The lamp turns on for a while while a person is walking along the corridor, then goes out, and you do not need to press anything ...

LEDs replace these types of light sources, such as fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps. Almost every house already has LED lamps, they consume much less than two of their predecessors (up to 10 times less than incandescent lamps and 2 to 5 times less than CFLs or energy-saving fluorescent lamps). In situations where you need a long light source, or you need to organize illumination of complex shape, an LED strip is used.

Led tape is ideal for a number of situations, its main advantage over individual LEDs and LED arrays are power sources. They are easier to find on sale in almost any electrical goods store, unlike drivers for high-power LEDs, moreover, the selection of a power supply is carried out only by power consumption, because the vast majority of LED strips ...

Wind is free energy! So let's use it for personal purposes. If the creation of a wind farm on an industrial scale is very expensive, because in addition to the generator, a number of studies and calculations are necessary, the state does not incur such costs, and for investors in the countries of the former USSR this, for some reason, does not cause much interest. In private, you can make a mini-windmill for your own needs. It should be understood that the project of converting your home to alternative energy is a very expensive undertaking.

As already said: you need to make long-term observations and calculations in order to find the optimal ratio of the sizes of the wind wheel and the generator, suitable for your climate, wind rose and average annual wind speed. The efficiency of a wind power installation within one region can vary significantly, this is due to the fact that the movement of the wind depends not only ...

Does studying microcontrollers seem complicated and incomprehensible? Before the appearance of Arudino, it was really not easy and required a certain set of programmers and other equipment. This is a kind of electronic constructor. The initial objective of the project is to allow people to easily learn how to program electronic devices, while devoting minimal time to the electronic part.

The assembly of the most complicated circuits and the connection of the boards can be carried out without a soldering iron, and with the help of jumpers with detachable connections “father” and “mother”. In this way, both attachments and expansion cards can be connected, which in the lexicon of the arduinists are simply called “Shields”. The base and most popular board is considered Arduino Uno. This fee resembles a credit card. Most shields that are on sale are perfect for her.On the board for connecting external devices ...