You can make an excellent LED spotlight with your own hands, spending only 257 rubles on the filling! Even if you are not familiar with electronics and in life have not soldered a single printed circuit board with radio components!

This spotlight can be successfully used for landscape illumination of a summer cottage, for accented illumination of a house, for illumination of an object at a distance of 20 - 30 m when using outdoor surveillance cameras ... And much more for what!

But, most importantly, your spotlight will consume only 6 watts of electrical power with a stable light output when powered in the voltage range 85 - 256 Volts! Let's get down to business. We really liked the Kreonix STD-JCDR-6W-GU10-COB / WW LED lamp, developed by Russian engineers and manufactured by Kreonix. We tested it and were very pleased with the high brightness of the LED ...

Everyone is familiar with LEDs now: LED lights, LED lamps, ribbons, and much more. Thanks to the efforts of the developers, absolutely exotic devices appeared, for example, a nozzle on a water tap. Outwardly, it is a transparent plastic cylinder: cool water poured in - inside the nozzle a blue LED lights up, it became warmer - it turned yellow, and even if the water is too hot, the nozzle turns red. The content of the internal filling is unknown, but the fact that LEDs are used as emitting elements is obvious.

The first LED was developed at the University of Illinois back in 1962. In 1990, bright, and later superbright LEDs were born. The LED itself is very similar to a conventional rectifier diode, only when a direct current passes through it, the semiconductor crystal begins to glow ...

At one time, the leadership of our country committed itself to providing each family with a separate apartment. It is clear that before and after that, many different beautiful promises were made, and our state has become completely different. However, they tried sincerely to fulfill the promise about individual apartments. Great hopes in this matter were assigned to the technology of building houses from panels.

Panels are prefabricated reinforced concrete products. At the construction site itself, it remains only to assemble them according to the principle, not far removed from the principle by which children's designers gather.

The technology is really fast, but the same type of panel houses were not the best option for people to live. Low noise isolation, a large level of heat loss, low durability ... But we, in fact, want to talk not about the disadvantages of panel housing ...

Solar panels, although environmentally friendly, are also very expensive. Scientists have found an alternative to them - polymer solar panels. What it is is described in the article.

A person who is at least a little interested in solar energy, perfectly imagines what a solar battery is - a combination of a large number of photocells mounted on any surface.

A solar cell is a semiconductor device that converts the energy of the sun into electric current. Solar cells of "traditional" solar cells are made of silicon. The manufacturing process for such batteries is complex and very expensive. Despite the fact that silicon is a very common element and that the earth’s crust contains about 20% silicon, the transformation process source sand in high purity silicon is very complex and expensive...

It is customary to classify electrical networks according to a large number of different signs, but with regard to electrical safety they are divided mainly as follows: networks with voltage up to 1000 V and networks with voltage over 1000 V.

It is these thousand volts that appear in the certificate for electrical safety of every electrician, even if he is the chief power engineer of the enterprise or an ordinary electrician who graduated from vocational school yesterday.

And, it seems, everything is clear: low voltage - less danger, one safety requirement; high voltage is very dangerous, the requirements are stricter. But why exactly 1000 volts? Not 1500, not 660, but 1000? And the thing is that AC networks above 1000 V are always networks with isolated neutral. At the same time, networks with voltages up to 1000 V are networks with a grounded neutral ...

A cooker hood is an integral element of a kitchen interior. A range hood provides a comfortable stay for people in the room, clearing the air of unwanted odors and burning. If you need to connect a cooker hood, a lot of questions arise, one of which is how to connect a cooker hood to an electrical network.

The connection of the hood is carried out, as a rule, in a conventional power outlet. Therefore, it is recommended to provide a socket for connecting the hood when performing work on replacing the electrical wiring of the apartment. Consider the features of installing a socket for a kitchen hood.

The power consumption of the cooker hood is relatively small, so it is not practical to pull a separate wiring line from the distribution panel. The outlet in this case can be connected in a junction box. If during the installation of wiring in the kitchen ...

Before talking about the choice of a differential automaton, it should be explained how this issue has earned such popularity. Why are differential automata good? Of course, by the fact that the difavtomat is a device that provides the line not only protection against overload currents and overcurrents of short circuit, but also protection against leakage currents, that is, protection against human shock by electric current.

In other words, a single device provides the full range of necessary protections. This is very convenient because it saves space in the distribution board and simplifies installation. In some cases, money savings are also achieved, but this is relative, since a high-quality differential machine can be more expensive than a single ordinary machine and a residual current device (RCD). So, what is good for difavtomat, clearly. It remains to decide how to choose it ...

"Rules for the installation of electrical installations" allow only 3 ways to connect conductors: soldering, welding and clamping in terminals. This also applies to pre-twisted wires in junction boxes. The best electrical characteristics, reliability and durability are uniquely welding. In addition, with a large number of compounds, this method is also the fastest and cheapest. With copper wires, the issue is resolved and closed.

However, despite the requirements of the 7th edition of the PUE on the termination of the use of aluminum wires for electrical wiring (with a cross section of less than 16 sq. Mm.), They are still used and quite widely. For example, during the repair (without complete replacement) of the old aluminum wiring. Combining copper with aluminum is even worse than leaving aluminum. Thus, the question of welding aluminum becomes very relevant, especially since its physical and chemical properties other connection methods make it difficult...