X10 is a widely used standard in home automation.

X10 defines the method and protocol for transmitting control command signals (“turn on”, “turn off”, “brighter”, “darker”, etc.) by power wiring to electronic modules to which controlled household and lighting devices are connected.

In total, up to 256 groups of devices with different addresses can be connected to the X10 network.

From the point of view of the logic of X10 network organization, all devices can be divided into two large groups: controllers and executive modules.

The controllers are responsible for the generation of X10 commands and, in addition to manual push-button control, can have a built-in timer or a specialized input device for external exposure (light sensor, infrared photo detector from a remote control, etc.) ...

Overloads in electric Networks lead to heating of wires and cables above the temperature that is permissible for them in terms of safety and reliability.

For wires and cables with rubber and plastic insulation, PUEs set the maximum permissible heating temperature + 65 ° C for a long current load. Permissible current loads depend on the cross section of the conductor, its design, cooling conditions and the laying method.

When overloaded in electric of the network aging of the insulation of conductors occurs: the rubber dries, crackes and crumbles, the plastic insulation and the shell melt and soften, the paper braid is charred ...

Description of a simple device that disconnects the load if the mains voltage goes beyond acceptable limits.

The tolerance for the mains voltage for powering household electronic and just electrical equipment is plus or minus 10%. But in the conditions of the domestic energy supply system, this requirement is often not complied with.

The voltage can be significantly too high or much lower than normal, which can lead to equipment failure. To prevent this from happening, the article describes a simple device that will disconnect the load on time before it has time to burn out.

A diagram of a fairly simple protection device is shown in the figure ...

It should be noted right away that all wiring to the meter is under the strict control of Energonadzor. This suggests that, say, the owner of the house will not mount this part of the wiring himself, except as an exception, at the appropriate stage of construction, if the owner knows how to connect the input cable (wire) to the input breaker inside the house.

But connecting to power systems is definitely prohibited. At the same time, this information will help you have an idea:

1. How the employees you hire adhere to established rules;

2. What preparatory work will have to be done;

3. What materials, types of basic work will be required and, accordingly, how much will it cost ...

Description of a simple LED garland control circuit.

Now it’s not a problem to buy a Christmas garland with a controller: there are a sufficient number of Chinese-made flashing lights on sale.

It would seem that he went, bought everything. But it will be much more pleasant if the garland is created with your own hands. It will help revitalize old garlands inherited from grandparents along with old Christmas-tree decorations.

Such a control device (controller, automatic lighting effects) is not at all difficult to assemble. It is enough to make a printed circuit board and solder several parts into it ...

An article on how to choose the right section of a wire or cable

During electrical installation work, namely, at the stage of laying wires, cables, “Especially Advanced” customers ask why we lay, for example, sockets, a cable with a cross section of 2.5 mm square, when 1.5 mm square is enough, based on power consumption ... In this article we will try to deal with the cross-section of wires laid for various consumers.

So, on how correctly you select the cross-section of the laid wires, the further performance of consumers depends in many respects.

Wiring in a house, cottage or apartment begins with an input cable. The main load that is in the house lies on this very cable. In order to find out what section the input cable is needed, we need to count all the electrical appliances that can work in the house ...

The design of a simple timer that allows you to turn on and off the load, at predetermined time intervals. The operating time and pause time are independent of each other.

The use of timers in everyday life has now become quite common. Therefore, such a device can simply be bought at an electrical goods store. Most often, these are multichannel timers that allow you to program switching on / off at a certain time of the day, and even taking into account the day of the week.

But sometimes a timer is required that works simply according to the “work - pause” algorithm. You can turn it on simply by hand, but the operating time and pauses can be adjusted independently of each other. One of the examples when such a time relay may be needed is the “Chizhevsky chandelier” ...

The article provides lighting control circuits using walk-through and cross switches, bistable relays, dimmers, dimmers, photorelay, timers and infrared motion sensors.

Lighting control schemes have already been repeatedly considered in the literature and on the pages of various Internet sites of electrical orientation. Therefore, here we will try to outline the various existing solutions.

The simplest control schemes for a one- or two-key switch are known to everyone and, therefore, few people are interested, so we will immediately proceed to consider lighting control schemes from several places.

Let's start with a specific simple situation - let's say you have two floors in a country house. In the evening you climb the stairs to the second floor. Naturally, you need to turn on the lights on the stairs. Turn on on the ground floor. We rise to the second floor...

A simple circuit for determining short “dips” in mains voltage.

Everyone knows about the low quality of domestic energy supply, and a lot has been said about it. Instead of a voltage tolerance of +/- 10 percent, which is 180 ... 240 V, the mains voltage can "float" in the range of 160 ... 260 and more V.

Such slow voltage changes are quite successfully handled by AC voltage stabilizers based on autotransformers, for example, Resanta. Such stabilizers are designed mainly for such equipment as a refrigerator, washing machine, electric stove.

Modern electronic household equipment does not require such stabilizers, since all voltage stabilization is carried out, as a rule, by internal semiconductor stabilizers ...

The time has long passed when the voltage in the network was more or less stable, and amounted to 220 V + - 3-5%. In the realities of today's life.

The voltage, depending on the region of residence, can fluctuate in very large limits. Anyone who is even a little familiar with power grids knows that the further the facility, in this case your house, is from the transformer substation, the greater the voltage drop.

For most electrical appliances, both overstated and undervoltage are dangerous, many electrical appliances will simply not turn on or fail. Only devices capable of regulating voltage can help in this situation. Such devices are called voltage stabilizers ...

The article explains how to remake a conventional computer power supply for a voltage of 24 volts.

In some cases, there is a need for powerful power supplies for various equipment, designed for a voltage of 24 volts.

In this article I will tell you how you can remake a conventional computer power supply both ATX and AT for a voltage of 24 V. Also, from several such blocks, you can compose any voltage to power all kinds of devices.

Alteration is the addition of two power diodes, an inductor and a capacitor ...

Instructions for self-installation of a satellite dish. Using these recommendations, almost anyone will be able to independently install and configure a satellite dish.

In order to install a satellite dish, we need:

1. A set of satellite equipment (receiver, antenna with a diameter of 90 cm, bracket, bracket mounting hardware, universal converter, RG-6 coaxial cable, two F-connectors).

2. Tools: compass, rotary hammer, pliers, screwdriver, wrenches, portable TV, insulation tape, extension cord for connecting to the mains.

This article will describe in detail how to configure a satellite dish to receive a television signal from the Hot Bird 13E satellite, but using this technique, you can configure your satellite dish to other satellites yourself ...