For safety reasons, lamps with halogen lamps, designed for a reduced voltage of 12 volts, are widely used. For the installation of such spotlights in a household electrical network, it is necessary to use step-down transformers. But transformers, to which many are accustomed to in industry, are in no way suitable here because of their large size and mass. Only special electronic transformers can be used.

Electronic transformers are assembled using semiconductor technology and their power, as a rule, is not large - no more than 500 watts. But such transformers are small, economical in operation and incorporate a built-in soft starter.

Each electronic transformer is equipped with terminals for connecting the wires of the high side (220 V) and low side (12 V). Moreover, low-voltage terminals, of course, more ...

Spotlights look very impressive in any living room. But the choice of such lamps, the determination of their required quantity, power and location is simply an overwhelming task for an ignorant person, able to discourage any desire to mess with "spotlights".

Indeed, with ordinary chandeliers, everything is much simpler: you place it in the center of the room, equip the lamps with the maximum possible power - and you're done. At the very least, such a chandelier will certainly illuminate the entire room if it is not completely blocked by furniture.

With spotlights, things are a little more complicated. They are designed to create a uniform light flux, but in order for them to cope with their task, you will have to resort to some calculations. In general, the calculation of the number and location of spotlights does not have fundamental differences ...

Somehow imperceptibly in the field of electrical installation, a new era has come - the era of modular equipment. “Modular” means compact, uniform in size and easy to install. Well, with compactness and unification, everything seems to be clear. And ease of installation - what is it?

In the same apartment switchboards today there are so many different equipment! Dozens of units. So let's try to imagine that each such unit is mounted in the old fashion, with screws.

So: we take the first circuit breaker, mark the back wall of the shield, drill according to the marking, insert the screws into the circuit breaker case, - catch the screws on the back with nuts, tighten the screws, holding the nuts ... Uff ...! It seems that one machine with a sin was fixed in half. There is nothing left: a dozen machines, a pair of RCDs and an electric meter ...

Electricity entering the living room (for example, the apartment) must be distributed. It must be routed to lighting circuits, to outlets, to stationary consumers such as a hob or air conditioner. In addition, it would be nice to take into account the same energy, to calculate.

But, of course, this is not enough. After all, electricity can be not only “good”. Overcurrents of short circuits and overload currents do not spare the wiring and can cause a fire. Electric current itself is dangerous for human health and life. Therefore, to "tame" the electricity at the input, it is necessary to install protective devices.

Well, where is all this to be realized? What is this complete device that can accommodate all these devices and numerous wires and cables? Of course, this is an apartment distribution switchboard ...

Branching with wires with copper or aluminum conductors from trunk lines without cutting them. For these purposes, it is most convenient to use special clamps for branching wires, the so-called "nuts".

In this article, we consider the technology and the sequence of work when performing a branch of conductors from a trunk without cutting them using branch clamps.

Necessary tools and fixtures: a set of screwdrivers, wire cutters, universal wiring pliers, a utility knife, wrenches, any stripping tool (I use M-1U1, but any other one can be used). Materials - glass skin or sandpaper, trunk branching compresses. In order for the branch to turn out to be high-quality and reliable, it is necessary to correctly select the branch compression ...

Reliability in the installation and installation of electrical wiring depends on many factors, primarily on correctly selected wires and cables, electrical products, installation quality. Here are a few important rules that you must follow, since the reliability of the wiring performed depends on them.

Reliability of electrical wiring is determined by a number of factors and, first of all, by the correct choice of wires and cables in accordance with environmental conditions and load current. Do not use hidden and open wiring on heated surfaces, since heating the insulation above acceptable sharply reduces its service life. Wiring should be fixed to the building structures of buildings without reducing their strength. Incorrect wiring fastening ...

Some electronic devices are galvanically isolated from the lighting network. Therefore, compliance with safety regulations will not be superfluous, but this is a topic for another article, and many articles have already been written, anyone who wishes can read on their own.

The element base is what electronic circuits consist of, in other words, these are parts that are soldered onto printed circuit boards. And the entire elemental base cannot be described even in a huge thick book: for example, the online store of radio components “Elitan” offers customers over one million items of goods from more than a thousand manufacturers from around the world.

Almost all modern electronic equipment is assembled on imported, quite simply, bourgeois element base. But in this regard, one should not particularly be upset, since the documentation for almost all microcircuits ...

Now, thanks to the efforts of our Chinese brothers, various electronic devices are increasingly penetrating even into household wiring. These are various electronic calls at the front doors, Christmas lights and garlands, sockets and switches that are triggered by a television remote control, devices for extending the life of incandescent lamps (delay when turned on), photo sensors to turn on lighting, electronic transformers to power low-voltage halogen lamps, spotlights with motion sensors and more.

Energy-saving lamps, popular recently, inside their base have a simple electronic circuit with only two transistors. And fluorescent lamps, remember, those with roaring chokes and blinking when turned on? Now, instead of chokes, electronic ballast is used ...

Any sane person, before making any serious purchase, must determine the basic criteria that this product must meet.For example, when purchasing a refrigerator, you decide whether you need a freezer in it or not, the internal volume of the refrigerator, etc. The same goes for mini power plants for the home.

In this short article, we will consider the main points that you need to pay special attention to when choosing a generator.

So, the first thing you should pay attention to is, of course, the power of the generator. Not only the final cost of the generator set, but also the reliability of the entire power system of the house depends on how correctly and correctly you calculate the necessary load in the house, powered by a generator ...

Many believe that it is easier to take and change the lamp to a new one, but this is not so - their quality does not get better over time and even expensive models have problems with electrics even if only because their manufacturers themselves do not produce wiring accessories. Therefore, it is worth a try.

I want to start with a simple one: repair of fixtures in which shades are mounted with union nuts to an external thread on the cartridge housing. There are a lot of such lamps now, both single-lamp and multi-track chandeliers. There are with cartridges E27 and minions E14, I'll start with the latter.

Now on sale and in use there are a lot of diverse and sometimes quite beautiful chandeliers with 3-9 horns and more for minions with such a ceiling fixture. Cartridges, usually plastic, are not of the best quality: initially or over time, contact with the base in them becomes completely bad ...

With a switch, light or socket, each electrician searches for the shortest path to the nearest branch box. This is understandable: I want to save on the cable, and no one wants to do the extra work on laying it. Therefore, boxes in each apartment are usually enough: up to two or three in one room.

But still, the main purpose of branch boxes is not to save materials and working time. Their most important function is to protect the cable core connections from external influences: from dust, moisture and mechanical damage.

In fact, no matter what we use to connect the cores of wires, all the same, the places of these connections look so defenseless - the factory insulation is stripped, both internal and external, and the integrity of the conductors is broken. Without proper protection, dust or moisture can block the connections ...

The reliability of modern household electrical appliances is clearly poor. The older generation recalls with a sigh the iron that was ironing for 10 years, the TV, which worked for 15, and the refrigerator, which served as a grandmother. Examining objects of past years in the museum, their massiveness and strength are striking in comparison with the current flimsy and graceful.

It is difficult to say why the reliability of household appliances is decreasing every year. Probably because manufacturers choose cheapness between low-cost production and quality, even the most famous and trusted companies sin by using components from other manufacturers or even transferring production to Asian countries.

Thus, the purchase of a household appliance has long turned into a lottery. If you are lucky, it will serve for a long time, but if not? ...