Cottage, cottage, just some country house or private estate - all this has one thing in common. All these "residences" usually need an autonomous water supply, their own sewage system, and sometimes a system that ensures the pumping out of melt and emergency polluted water from the basement. The implementation of such systems is carried out using pumps and pumping stations.

A pump is considered to be a mechanism designed to pump pressure in a liquid medium, and a pump station is a device that includes, in addition to the pump, the necessary drive (most often an electric one), a storage tank, and elements of an automation system. In order to understand how to connect a household pump, you need to get acquainted with the classification of pumps and their applications ...

In accordance with current technical standards, the wiring in the apartment must be three-wire, and the outlet networks must be equipped with differential protection. There is no need to once again tell that all this is achievable is far from always. Therefore, RCDs and differential circuit breakers in apartment switchboards can still be seen infrequently - mainly for connecting a washing machine, which is usually located in the bathroom.

The fact is that according to the rules of the PUE, protection against leakage currents for power consumers in the bathroom is mandatory. And, installing a washing machine in the bathroom, experts often put in a shield a separate differential protection device for its connection. However, it is not uncommon for a situation where the RCD or the difavtomat, to which the washing machine is connected, starts to constantly work and, what is called "spoil the nerves" ...

Digital technology has become so firmly entrenched in everyday life that many such devices have taken for granted. This is exactly what happened with digital cameras, which somehow quietly supplanted their film counterparts.

Together with a digital camera, a set of finger-type batteries and a charger for them are usually purchased, which allows you not to depend on constant purchases of disposable batteries. A little time passes and the happy owner of photographic equipment begins to notice that the battery charge is enough for an ever smaller number of shots. Moreover, what causes an unpleasant precipitate in the shower, a friend has exactly the same batteries working 2-3 times longer, however, in a different brand of camera. There are no miracles in electrical engineering, so let's try to figure out the reasons for this difference. Finger batteries are chemical sources of direct current ...

The way the cable is laid always depends on such factors: the type of electrical wiring (hidden / open), the category of the room (domestic, industrial, and so on) and the material from which the building is built, that is, its combustibility.

In residential premises, most often, hidden wiring is preferred. Most people who are far from electrical work imagine it this way: a groove (in a professional language - a shtroba) on a wall or ceiling in which cables are wired, reaching for outlets, boxes and switches. Actually, this option of hidden wiring is the most common.

But what to do if the wall bearing and gating can weaken its structure? Or another option: a wooden house. In addition, it is somehow not very convenient to ditch a tree, because it is also unclear how to coat it later.And, even by hiding the cable in a wooden wall, we grossly violate the fire safety rules ...

Electrical current and hazardous voltage cannot be heard (except for humming high-voltage lines and electrical installations). Live parts under voltage do not differ in appearance.

It is impossible to recognize them both by smell and by elevated temperature in normal operating modes, they do not differ. But we turn on the vacuum cleaner in a silent and quiet outlet, click the switch - and the energy seems to be taken out of nowhere, by itself, materializing in the form of noise and compression inside a household appliance.

So, we will consider one, the most valuable law of electrical engineering, which is useful to know. And try to do it in the most popular form possible.

The most important law of electrical engineering is, of course, Ohm's law. Even people unrelated to electrical engineering know about its existence. But meanwhile, the question “Do you know Ohm’s law?” in technical universities is a trap ...

This is not uncommon. With great difficulty, we hang a carpet on the wall, but we are not happy with the result for long: for some reason, the lamp in the room stops burning. Or we drill a hole in the wall to hang a shelf, but sparks fly out from under the drill, a crack sounds, and the apartment plunges into an ominous darkness and silence.

The cause of unhappiness is usually simple to disgrace - we were out of luck, and we damaged the cable hidden electrical wiring. In the case of the carpet, most likely, a phase or zero core was interrupted. And when they prepared the holes for the shelf, they damaged the insulation of both cores and made a short circuit (the drill can, of course, be thrown away right away).

To resolve the situation, the damage to the line must, of course, be found. In the case of the shelf, this will not be any difficulty - where they fought at the time of the short circuit, there is a damaged area ...

Currently, wind energy is undergoing a rebirth. The thing is that before the energy produced by windmills was more expensive than it was sold to the population and enterprises from the Unified Energy System of the Soviet Union. In the West and in the rest of the world there was something similar. And all because the wind systems were ineffective.

Now much has changed: durable and cheap plastics and other materials have appeared that are more suitable for large windmills; there are new types of permanent magnet generators, and other developments that allow more efficient conversion of wind into electricity; new electronic and electrical systems for controlling windmill systems have appeared without the constant participation of humans; fuel has become more expensive: oil, gas, coal, fuel oil. And it became expensive to use: they need to be cleaned after combustion, disposed of so that it does not get into the atmosphere, land and water bodies ...

The choice of sockets for stoves and washing machines. The selection is made according to some basic operating parameters. Here they are:

1. The number of phases required to power the electrical receiver, that is, its "phase". In any case, a three-phase connection requires a socket with five connectors: L1, L2, L3, N and PE. A single-phase power supply is enough for a socket with three connectors: L, N and PE. Three-phase in our case can only be a stove, and even then only if it is possible to connect to a three-phase network.

2. The rated current load on the outlet. The passport of any device usually indicates electrical power, and data on the current drawn from the network may not be available. But electric power is never indicated on the body of electrical outlets - there is only information about the maximum permissible current ...

One of the first inverter circuits for powering a three-phase motor was published in Radio magazine No. 11 of 1999. Scheme developer M. Mukhin at that time was a student of grade 10 and was engaged in a radio circle.

The converter was intended to power the miniature three-phase motor DID-5TA, which was used in the machine for drilling printed circuit boards. It should be noted that the operating frequency of this engine is 400Hz, and the supply voltage is 27V. In addition, the midpoint of the motor (when connecting the windings with a “star”) was brought out, which made it possible to extremely simplify the circuit: it took only three output signals, and each phase required only one output key. As can be seen from the diagram, the converter consists of three parts: a three-phase pulse generator-shaper: a three-phase pulse generator-shaper on microcircuits ...

In industrial environments, three-phase asynchronous motors are most commonly used. The simplicity of their design, reliability and low cost - these are the decisive factors that allow you to use them in many machines, units and mechanisms. In most cases, engines operate on an on-off basis.

In almost all metal-cutting machines, the spindle speed is controlled by a mechanical gearbox. Moreover, it is not necessary to control the engine speed to change or maintain any technological parameter in the norm. As such a parameter, for example, one can consider the pressure at the outlet of a conventional water pump used in plumbing systems. Each of us is familiar with this parameter - just open the washbasin tap in the morning. About twenty years ago, the task of regulating pressure ...

They will not need to be brought in frosts at night in the heat. They will be much cheaper than ordinary ones, because plastic is cheaper than non-ferrous metals. Their service life will exceed the life of the machine itself. They will be charged from electric motors, from energy recovery during braking, from stationary energy sources.

These are inertioids, or flywheels. They store energy and then give them to consumers as needed. With a large flywheel and internal combustion engine is not needed. Energy can also be stored at power stations, with powerful electric motors driving one or more flywheels. They are in a sealed airless space, and are suspended on powerful magnets. They are called super-flywheels, since they store energy thousands of times more than ordinary flywheels. They were invented 50 years ago by the Russian scientist N. Gulia, but they were not used en masse. Only a few artisanal developments ...

Due to the constant increase in energy prices, people constantly have to pay a lot for them. They will only get used to the same prices, and it will not seem so much - again the increase in prices - and again a lot. Well, people, I suppose, could also save energy. And enterprises do not have to save - you need to work.

But to whom it is not enough just to save - it is necessary to produce. You can do everything! What you want. You can, for example, buy a house. And you can build it yourself. And a car. And you can and the power plant. You do not have enough energy - you can buy a windmill, or solar panels - and get electricity. At many agricultural enterprises, and not only on them, it is possible to actively save precious electricity.

The recovery system on electric trains is taken into account by a separate meter. And there are routes when the train returns as much energy to the power grid ...