At times, it seems that enough has been said about the rules for installing and operating electrical wiring. But, oddly enough, the question "what is the wiring and how is it arranged?" still many may be confused.

If you believe GOST, then the wiring in the apartment is a combination of all conductors, as well as devices for fastening and fixing these conductors, together with installation products and protection devices.

That is, the input cable, socket conductors and wires of the lighting circuit are electrical wiring. Sockets, switches, most of the lamps are also electrical wiring. We include junction boxes, cable channels, switchboards and automatic machines there. These are, so to speak, “actors.” And the “plot” is a simple relationship and relationship of these elements. Wiring in the apartment begins with an input cable ...

In this article, we will consider the question of how to find the phase and zero using a probe and a multimeter.

If it is necessary to service the apartment electricians, in particular the replacement of sockets, lighting switches or minor repairs, it becomes necessary to determine the phase and zero. If a person has some knowledge in the field of the basics of electrical engineering, then it will not be difficult for him to find phase and zero. But what if you do not have these skills? Finding phase and zero is not as complex a process as it might seem. Consider several methods for determining phase and zero.

First, we will determine what phase and zero are. Our entire energy system is three-phase, including low-voltage lines that feed residential buildings and apartments. As a rule, the voltage between any two phases is 380 volts - this is a linear voltage ...

With electricity you need to be on you !!! (time-tested wisdom).

Many probably heard that a real electrician is not one that is not afraid of electricity, but one that is able to avoid direct contact with electricity. According to statistics, from electric shock, most often die electricians with experience of ten years or more. It is at this age that a sense of danger is dulled. Some experienced electricians test the presence of electricity by touch, yes, it is by touch. But why risk your own life when there are devices showing the presence of voltage?

There are a lot of devices showing the presence of voltage - from the simplest voltage indicator on a gas discharge lamp (neonka) to devices showing not only the presence of voltage but also many other parameters. In this article we will consider indicators and voltage indicators ...

This article provides an example of repairing the Nokia WH-205 headset with illustrative illustrations. This method is suitable for repairing any wired headset or earphones of a mobile phone.

Very often, owners of mobile phones are faced with the problem of failure of a wired headset (headphone). In this case, there may be no sound in the headphones or the microphone may not work. As a rule, a person acquires a new headset or gives an old one for repair. Why spend money if you can repair your headset yourself? In this article, we answer the question of how to repair any wired headset or headphones yourself.

Consider a good example of repairing a Nokia WH-205 headset. The main reason for a headset malfunctioning is damage to the wire or wire breakage at the soldering point in the microphone unit or to the plug ...

Fundamental science in recent years has rarely spoiled engineers with discoveries suitable for industrial implementation. But the last two decades have become a pleasant exception. Two Nobel Prizes and a third discovery, not yet appreciated by the Nobel Committee, created prospects for engineers and technologists to work for many decades. And they are all associated with one element - carbon.

Why are these discoveries so important and what new can such a familiar chemical element give us? Everything that we know about carbon makes it the most interesting and important element of the periodic table. To begin with, life itself arose on a carbon basis. The ability of carbon atoms to combine into complex structures has allowed nature to create protein organisms and breathe the mind into humans. All organic chemistry with its abundance of new, artificial materials ...

In the case of repair of electronic devices, the “ringing” of the transistor installed in the circuit is not always possible, so you have to solder it from the circuit. Often this interference leads to damage to the printed circuit boards, and sometimes to the transistors themselves. Therefore, it is very good if there is a device at hand that allows you to determine the health of the transistor without evaporating it from the board. Schemes of such devices are given in this article.

The basis of the circuit is a classic blocking generator. The output of such a generator produces short rectangular pulses. Naturally, in order to get a working blocking generator to the probe connector, you need to get the tested transistor. Fluctuations are obtained due to the positive feedback in the transformer through the coupling winding.The optimal feedback value is selected by rotating a variable resistor ...

Modular grounding is a project created specifically for the installation of grounding conductors in residential facilities, for example, such as suburban private houses, country houses, as well as for industrial and administrative facilities.

The modular earthing switch is a prefabricated structure consisting of steel pins specially treated with copper, each 1.5 meters long. These pins are combined into a single grounding ground loop of the object.

The length of the prefabricated grounding pin can reach a depth of about 30 - 40 meters. The grounding 1.5 meter pins have threads at the ends, through which the couplings between them, it becomes possible, as the precast grounding pin moves in depth, to increase it with the next pin, etc. The installation of the vertical grounding pin in depth is done as follows ...

Not so long ago, in our markets, on the Internet, in some print media and even on television, an advertisement for a miracle device appeared, which, according to advertisers, can save up to 30-35% of electricity. What kind of device is this? How is it arranged? And is it really true that he is able to save so much energy?

At about the same time, in different regions, these devices appeared under different names. Here are the approximate names of these devices: SberBox, smartbox, Energy Saver, Pover Saver, Saving-box, Economy, etc. According to manufacturers, and accordingly distributors, it’s enough to simply plug the device into a power outlet, and it starts to work, that is, save our money.

The cost of this device, depending on the region of distribution and the "generosity" of sellers, ranged from $ 10 to $ 70. So, we purchased one of these devices in order to try to deal with it ...

When repairing or replacing wiring, the question necessarily arises of the choice of protection devices - circuit breakers, RCDs and difavtomatov.

Circuit breakers protect the line from overload currents and short circuit currents. For example, you have turned on an overly powerful heater or electric oven in a conventional outlet, the current in the line exceeds the value that is permissible for it, the wire begins to heat up and, in order to prevent overheating and melting of the insulation, the circuit breaker trips and disconnects this line after some time. In case of a short circuit in the line, the circuit breaker trips almost instantly, disconnecting the protected circuit.

Residual current devices (RCDs) are used to protect a person from electric shock when touching live parts and to prevent dangerous leakage of current if the insulation is damaged ...

Modular circuit breakers can be found in every switchboard: at least in the apartment and entrance, at least in the workshop or office. Compact, easy to install, relatively inexpensive, reliable ... but how to make sure that they are really reliable?

Even the most eminent manufacturers of modular circuit breakers do not exclude a certain percentage of defects among their products that fall on store shelves. The situation is aggravated by the fact that machines are a pretty hot commodity, which is why they are willingly forged by various artisan workshops. The owners and workers of such workshops, usually located in China, have peculiar views on electrical safety and the principles of maximum current protection. The most unobvious malfunctions of defective and fake modular equipment are associated with the incorrect operation of the releases ...

Checking transistors has to be done quite often. Even if you have a knowingly new transistor in your hands, it is better to check it before installing it in the circuit. There are frequent cases when transistors purchased on the radio market turned out to be worthless, and not even one single copy, but a whole batch of pieces of 50-100. Most often this happens with powerful transistors of domestic production, less often with imported ones.

Sometimes in the design descriptions some requirements for transistors are given, for example, the recommended gear ratio. For these purposes, there are various transistor testers, of a rather complicated design and measuring almost all the parameters that are given in the manuals. But more often it is necessary to check transistors on the principle of "good, bad". It is precisely such verification methods that will be discussed in this article. Often used transistors are at hand in a home lab ...

The risk of injuries to humans from electric shocks, both in production and in everyday life, is very high. It is a direct result of non-compliance with safety measures, as well as failure or malfunction of electrical equipment and household appliances. Therefore, the use of safe voltage for our domestic needs is difficult to overestimate. In today's article, we will consider the practice and main possibilities of using tension safe for humans in our house, cottage or apartment.

What is an electric voltage safe for humans? Now it is considered safe for humans to have a voltage of 42 Volts (until recently it was 36 V), used for portable lighting and household appliances in the air and in the house and 12 Volts, subject to the use of portable lighting fixtures and appliances inside boilers ...