The issues of safe use of electricity continue to become increasingly relevant for the entire population. The requirements of an international electrical company, implemented by regulatory documents in our country, have tightened the rules for the operation of electrical equipment. After that, state standards in force since Soviet times with simplified rules for grounding electrical circuits for residential buildings were revised.

However, a large mass of buildings continues to be operated according to the old TN-C scheme. To re-equip it with the TN-C-S system requires enormous material costs, it is not easy to accomplish all this nationwide. Therefore, such work is carried out gradually, but systematically. The article "Classification of grounding systems of electrical installations" defines electrical circuits for power supply of residential buildings and industrial facilities ...

As you know, in Soviet times, electricity meters of induction type were used to account for the consumed electric energy. Nowadays, these metering devices can be found less and less, electronic metering devices have replaced them. How justified is this transition? To answer this question, we give 10 advantages of electronic energy meters compared to induction.

The first and most significant advantage is a higher accuracy class and, accordingly, a smaller error in the results of measuring the amount of electrical energy consumed.

Previously, in conditions of a relatively low cost of electricity, the accuracy of induction metering devices was quite enough. Now the situation is different. One of the main tasks of power supply companies is to maximize the accuracy of the generated ...

The law of the interaction of electric currents, discovered by Andre Marie Ampere in 1820, laid the foundation for the further development of the science of electricity and magnetism. After 11 years, Michael Faraday experimentally established that a changing magnetic field generated by an electric current is capable of inducing an electric current in another conductor. So the first electric transformer was created.

In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell finally systematized the experimental data of Faraday, giving them the form of exact mathematical equations, thanks to which the basis of classical electrodynamics was created, because these equations described the relationship of the electromagnetic field with electric currents and charges, and the consequence of this should be the existence of electromagnetic waves. In 1888, Heinrich Hertz experimentally confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves...

An infrared motion sensor is an electronic device capable of responding to changes in the intensity of background thermal radiation in its area of ​​effect. Absolutely any objects possess thermal radiation, and not just a person.

If an object of sufficient size moves at a sufficient speed, crossing the working area of ​​such a sensor, it will trigger, and the sensor will send a signal to the electronic control circuit to perform one or another action by one or another device. Such a device can be either a switch or a dimmer, a burglar alarm, or something else.

Obviously, such an infrared sensor can be used for various automation purposes, both at home and at production and other enterprises and facilities ...

The current rules for the installation of electrical installations impose increased requirements on the reliability of the connection of protective neutral wires and the electrical contacts created by them. In this case, the connection of electrical appliances should be done through a branch, and not a cable.

To understand the difference between these methods, imagine a fruit tree with a grafted branch. Branches that have grown naturally and extend from the trunk can be considered as one with the tree. The term branching is suitable for them, and the scion is created artificially - this is a train. Under a loop in the energy sector, it is customary to consider a piece of wire connected to an electrical wiring to create a specific electrical circuit.

In other words, the PUE requirement can be explained as follows: the zero conductor protector must be intact throughout its entire length, which means a ban not only on its creation ...

Wind energy is actively developing around the world, and it is no secret to anyone that this is one of the most promising areas of alternative energy at the moment. By mid-2014, the total capacity of all installed wind generators in the world was 336 gigawatts, and the largest and most powerful vertical three-bladed Vestas-164 wind generator was installed and launched in early 2014 in Denmark. Its power reaches 8 megawatts, and the span of the blades is 164 meters.

Despite the long-running technology of manufacturing vane turbines and windmills in general, many enthusiasts seek to improve the technology, increase its efficiency and reduce negative factors. As you know, the wind energy coefficient of use of traditional wind generators in the best case reaches 30%, they are quite noisy and violate natural heat balance of nearby territories...

For more than two centuries, mankind has been using the energy of chemical reactions between various substances to produce direct current.

The redox reaction occurring between substances with the properties of an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent is accompanied by the release of electrons, the movement of which forms an electric current. However, in order to use its energy, it is necessary to create conditions for the passage of electrons through an external circuit, otherwise it is released into the external environment by simply mixing the oxidizing agent and reducing agent with heat.

Therefore, all chemical current sources have two electrodes: an anode, on which oxidation occurs, and a cathode, which performs the restoration of the substance. Electrodes at a distance are placed in a vessel with an electrolyte - a substance that conducts electric current ...

Knowing the magnitude of the short circuit current is essential to ensure fire safety. It is obvious that if the measured short-circuit current is less than the setting current of the maximum protection of the machine or 4 times the fuse current rating, the response time (fuse blowout) will be longer, and this, in turn, can lead to excessive heating of the wires and their a fire.

How to determine this current? There are special techniques and special instruments for this. Here we consider the question of how to do this, having only a multimeter or even a voltmeter. Obviously, this method has not very high accuracy, but still sufficient to detect a mismatch between the overcurrent protection and the value of this current. How to do it at home? It is necessary to take a sufficiently powerful receiver, for example, an electric kettle or an iron. It would be nice to have a tee ...

In practice, there are many ways to connect electrical outlets with wiring. During their implementation, different goals can be pursued, from austerity of materials and means to reliable, long-term and safe operation of the equipment.

Given the increasing needs of the population for the use of powerful electrical appliances in everyday life, we should dwell on the most favorable electrical circuit for a home network that provides maximum safety during operation. It should be divided into two components of the system: the power unit, which provides electricity to household appliances through outlets, the lighting system, separated from the operation of the power unit. To create the power circuits of the internal apartment panel, circuit breakers are mounted according to the number of necessary connections. A cable is laid from each machine ...

Every year, LEDs are finding wider application, and can be used in many areas of lighting technology, including lighting of housing and communal services and emergency lighting systems. LEDs are indispensable in all kinds of design projects, including the design of architectural structures, decorative lighting of cars and much more.

All this is made possible by their clear light, economy and safety. LED luminaires are installed in porches, underpasses, elevators - wherever minimal maintenance and energy saving are required with proper quality and reliability of lighting equipment.

The power of LEDs increases all the time, their luminous flux increases, and it is not at all surprising that these components are also in SMD design now no less, but in recent years - more and more popular...

It’s no secret to anyone that batteries are firmly embedded in the everyday life of modern people. These are the power sources of our cell phones, digital cameras, camcorders, tablets and laptops - you can list endlessly. As for the accurate medical devices, portable devices, this is the most serious situation, because human life can be at stake.

Despite the achievements of the battery industry, such as lithium batteries of any shape and any desired size, progress in this area does not stand still, and here is the next innovation - a flexible battery.

This is an elastic polymer battery. If with a liquefied electrolyte there could be problems associated with safety due to the destruction of the release film during heating during operation, then in the case of a polymer, the stability of materials ...

According to the new current rules, all fixtures must be connected with three electric wires. In cases when the apartment is being repaired and the wiring is done according to a two-wire circuit, modernization and transition to a three-wire power supply system with PE conductor should be carried out. But if the place for connecting it is not prepared on the floor board, then the ends of the protective zero with the yellow-green marking of the insulation are left ready for connection, but they do not commute.

Luminaire connection diagram via a single-button switch. The contact of the switch is connected from phase L. The second end of the cable core is output through the additional terminal of the DC in the junction box on the cartridge to the lighting lamp. The connection of the cartridge must be carried out so that when replacing a burned-out bulb when the switch is on, a person does not fall under the phase potential ...