The efficiency of LED lighting systems is no longer in doubt, it is for this reason that it is increasingly LEDs that serve as light sources in many areas, both in industry and in everyday life. Thanks to the use of LEDs, the energy consumption for lighting is reduced up to 10 times compared to incandescent lamps. However, economy is not the only advantage of LED lighting.

The light output of the LEDs reaches 110 Lm / W and much more, while the luminous efficiency limit for a conventional incandescent lamp is only 15 Lm / W, for an energy-saving fluorescent lamp - 70 Lm / W, and for a metal halide lamp of average power - a maximum of 90 Lm / W . In addition, the life of LEDs as light sources reaches 100,000 hours, that is, 100 times greater than the guaranteed lifetime of an average incandescent lamp, amounting to only 1000 hours ...

A home foreman, planning to repair an electrician in his apartment or complete its laying in a house under construction, must first think carefully about the technology of the upcoming work and the sequence of its stages, including the layout of the wiring. Otherwise, as practice shows, serious errors arise that require the investment of additional funds and time.

If we turn to the clarification of the verb "mark" the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, then he explains it as a measurement, marking, designation of the size of something.

With regard to electrical wiring, as well as any technical systems, this means that for marking it is necessary to have: an object - a house or apartment building in which it will be necessary to lay electrical wires, the owner's plan embodied in the project of work. In other words, the markup process means transferring ...

Numerous technological processes requiring temperature control occupy not the last place in industry. Temperature measurement of gases, liquids, bulk powders and solid surfaces - each of these cases has its own characteristics, and for correct measurements it is important that the measurement method is consistent. There are many temperature sensors created on the basis of various physical laws and used for these purposes. There are both special and universal sensors.

The most widely used in industry today are thermoelectric sensors capable of operating in the temperature range from -200 ° C to + 2500 ° C and even higher. These are reliable, high-precision devices, often used to automatically control processes. The operation of the first type of such sensors - thermocouples, is based on the phenomenon ...

Initially, superconductors had a very limited application, since their operating temperature should not exceed 20K (-253 ° C). For example, the temperature of liquid helium at 4.2 K (-268.8 ° C) is well suited for the superconductor to work, but it takes a lot of energy to cool and maintain such a low temperature, which is technically very problematic.

The high-temperature superconductors discovered in 1986 by Karl Müller and Georg Bednorets showed a critical temperature much higher, and the temperature of liquid nitrogen at 75K (-198 ° C) for such conductors is quite enough for operation. In addition, nitrogen is much cheaper than helium as a refrigerant.

The discovery in 1987 of a "jump in conductivity to almost zero" at a temperature of 36K (-237 ° C) for compounds of lanthanum, strontium, copper and oxygen was the beginning.Then, for the first time, the property of compounds of yttrium, barium, copper and oxygen to discover superconducting properties was discovered ...

One of the most popular series of circuit breakers for high currents (up to 630 A) in power supply systems are A3700 series circuit breakers. Automatic machines are issued in unipolar, bipolar and three-pole execution. They are intended for current protection of electrical equipment during current overloads and short circuits in a wide variety of electrical circuits of alternating and direct current with a rated voltage of up to 660 V (for alternating current) and up to 440 V (for direct current).

Circuit breakers can also be used for infrequent switching of electrical circuits, as well as to protect these circuits when the voltage drops below unacceptable values. Current protection releases are performed on semiconductor and electromagnetic elements. Mechanical wear resistance of A3700 circuit breakers - 16000 on-off cycles, switching wear resistance ...

Take the simplest example: you need to turn on the press 1 second after the operator simultaneously holds the two buttons in the pressed state. Thus, we guarantee that both hands of the operator are busy and give him time to monitor the readiness of the machine. The simplest solution is to connect the contacts of both buttons in series and put an electronic relay with a timer. If the timer allows adjustment of the delay time, then such a scheme will provide some flexibility of the system, but not too high.

Any additional conditions, for example, the requirement to control the sequence of button presses will put us in a difficult situation - we will be forced to change the circuit by introducing additional relays. This is not a difficult problem, provided that such a need arises extremely rarely. But in a competitive production environment, the time it takes for a new product to enter the market is crucial ...

Speaking of energy-saving light sources, such as compact fluorescent lamps or LEDs, we, first of all, note their high efficiency. The main indicator of this same efficiency is by no means low power consumption; the main characteristic of the efficiency of a light source is its direct light output.

It is the light output that shows how many lumens of visible light a particular lamp gives, a particular light source, consuming a unit of electric power, and is measured, respectively, in Lm / W, that is, in lumens per watt. It is understood that for each watt of the electric power consumed by the light source, a strictly defined number of lumens of the visible light flux emitted by it is necessary. The value of light output is strongly associated with the manufacturing technology of a particular light source. Obviously, those who give up their positions as main...

Since the end of February 2013, a group of scientists from Kogakuin University of Japan, six people led by Professor Sato, have been developing and implementing an innovative idea - an almost transparent lithium-ion battery.

Finally, after two and a half years, namely on August 27, 2015, at the Innovation Japan 2015 exhibition held in Tokyo, the researchers presented to the general public a working prototype, a translucent battery that can be charged from light with different wavelengths, from red to near ultraviolet .

Thin films of the anode and cathode electrodes, 90 and 80 nanometers thick, respectively, turned out to be almost transparent.The longer the wavelength of the charging light, the more transparent the film electrodes remain after charging ...

In practice, every electrician is faced with the work of adapters, power supplies, voltage converters. In all these devices, electric capacitors are widely used, which are often called “electrolytes” on slang.

Their main advantage is the relatively large size of the capacitance with a relatively small size. In addition, their production has long been established, and the cost is relatively low.

Any capacitor consists of two plates, the space between which is filled with a dielectric. The electrolytic capacitor differs from all others in that it uses an electrolyte layerfilling the space between the two plates, most often made of foil plates. Moreover, one of them is covered with a small dielectric layer oxide film.Foil Tapes Fold Together ...

How to connect the generator to the house? It would seem that it could be easier, started the generator, connected to the house and everything, we live as before))). But not everything is as simple as it seems at first glance. In this article I would like to talk about how our people, wanting to save a little on materials, the work of qualified specialists, manage to connect gasoline and diesel generators.

So, having recently been “visiting” with one of his comrades who, according to him, worked for many years as a ship electrician and knows everything about electricity, including Ohm’s law :) ...

So, the reason for the visit was that the gasoline generator refuses to give out vital 220 V. At the first inspection of the "client", that is, the generator of the adjacent electrical household, the reason for the failure became clear - the automatic voltage regulator unit has failed ...

Electrical installations are closely related to safety issues. With a sharp increase in modern loads, they began to receive increased attention. For this, various protective devices and ground connection schemes are used. Thanks to connecting a PE-conductor to the living room, it is possible to: reduce the devastating consequences of emergencies, prevent fires from faulty electrical equipment, save people from electrical injuries and death. Protective grounding helps solve all these issues.

High voltage electrical energy is transmitted over long distances using transformers. Any household electrical appliance performs an action when current flows through it. The path for it is formed by a closed ring from the generator to the consumer through the wires of the “phase” and “zero”. The potential difference between them determines the value ...

Qualified electricians have such a rule - not to consider themselves smarter than others in their profession. It means: rechecking someone’s work after commissioning some device and seeing a mismatch in the circuit, you should not immediately conclude that a gross mistake has been made here.

It is likely that you yourself did not fully understand the setup of this appliance, the tricks of its configuration and operation. Think about the question that has arisen, look at the documentation on it again, analyze the settings, the effect on other devices. In extreme cases, consult with colleagues.

It is likely that this is not a mistake of the previous specialist, but your ignorance of the features of this circuit and the adjustments made to its algorithm by other electricians. This rule often helps to get rid of unpleasant situations and makes you improve your knowledge ...