AVR is the name of the popular Atmel family of microcontrollers. In addition to ABP, microcontrollers (hereinafter MK) and other architectures, for example, ARM and i8051, are produced under this brand. There are three types of microcontrollers AVR 8-bit, AVR 32-bit and AVR xMega.

For more than a decade, the most popular is the 8-bit MK family. Many hams began to study microcontrollers from him. Almost all of them learned the world of programmable controllers by doing their simple crafts, such as LED flashing lights, thermometers, clocks, as well as simple automation, such as controlling lighting and heating appliances. Microcontrollers AVR 8-bit, in turn, are divided into two popular families: Attiny - the name shows that the youngest (tiny - young, young, younger), mainly have 8 pins or more. The volume of their memory and functionality is usually more modest ...

The electrician in his practice is faced with completely different cases, which sometimes reach the point of absurdity. After all, you can never foresee what might happen to electrical equipment during its operation. Equipment is three-phase and single-phase - these types are most common.

However, it is worth noting that their breakdowns are either the same or have similar causes. The most common element in the electrical equipment of an industrial enterprise was and remains (perhaps forever) an electric motor, let's look at the causes of their breakdowns. Problems with electric motors. Situation: voltage comes to the electric motor, but it does not work or does not work properly. Start inspecting the boxes on the motor housing where the cable is supplied and disconnecting the star or triangle circuit. Oxidation or burning of contacts. You need to clean them and make a trial run ...

In any village on the streets there are lighting devices. As a rule, these are powerful lights installed in accordance with the requirements of the infrastructure. Turning on and off the lighting fixtures at the right time becomes possible thanks to the use of a time relay. Similarly, it is possible to automate the lighting of a personal plot and it is easy to make optimization - in some places add motion or presence sensors - this will significantly reduce energy consumption.

The heart of the lighting automation system is the control cabinet. Here, circuits are established that are responsible for monitoring the loads, for distributing power, for protecting the luminaire relays from power surges and from short circuits. This is a kind of automated control panel. The control cabinet equipment needs to be serviced and updated from time to time so that the cable functions ...

Professor at Duke University (Durham, North Carolina, USA) Yaroslav Urzhumov proposed a method for amplifying the magnetic component of electromagnetic waves without increasing their electrical component. The fact is that biological tissues for magnetic fields are transparent, and it would be useful to learn how to strengthen the magnetic component of electromagnetic waves.

This would open the way to the creation of safe levitating trains, to the construction of new wireless energy transmission systems, and to the solution of a number of other problems where there is a need for strong alternating magnetic fields, and at the same time it should be safe for humans. New systems will be more economical and safer than existing analogues.To obtain the desired result, Yaroslav Urzhumov proposed the use of magnetically active metamaterial, due to which it is possible to obtain sufficiently strong ...

Lead-acid batteries are widely used both as traction batteries (for example, to power electric forklifts) and as starter batteries for cars. Uninterruptible and backup power systems for homes and enterprises also use lead-acid batteries.

Autonomous power supply systems of houses often contain a high-capacity battery, or an assembly of several hundred ampere hours, designed to provide long-term power supply to the home. Such a battery can be charged from various alternative sources of electricity, such as a solar panel unit, a wind generator and others, and the battery is discharged traditionally through a powerful inverter, from which consumers are supplied with alternating current of industrial frequency and standard mains voltage ...

Insulation resistance is one of the most important parameters of cables and wires, because during operation, power and signal cables are always subject to various external influences. In addition, in addition to external influences, the influence of the cores inside the cable on each other, their electrical interaction, which inevitably leads to leaks, is constantly present. Adding factors that affect the quality of insulation here, we get a more complete picture.

For these reasons, the cables are always protected by dielectric insulation, which include: rubber, pvc, paper, oil, etc. - depending on the purpose of the cable, on the operating voltage, on the type of current, etc. For example, underground distribution telephone lines are made with armored tape cable, and some telecommunication cables are enclosed in an aluminum sheath to protect against external current interference ...

One of the stages of repairs in an apartment or a private house is the decoration of the ceiling. Before installing the ceiling, it is necessary to determine the location of the fixtures. The main task in this case is to provide the desired level of illumination in each of the rooms, while satisfying your wishes regarding their placement. In this article, we will consider the question of how to arrange lamps on the ceiling.

Variants of the location of the fixtures, primarily depend on their type. There are standard spotlights built-in type, as well as decorative, differing in material and version. A decorative lamp, like a chandelier, scatters the light evenly around the surface. Conventional built-in lamps, as a rule, scatter a directed beam of light, they can be of a non-rotary type or a rotary one, which allows you to direct ...

To calculate the illumination of various surfaces, it is sometimes very convenient to consider light sources as point sources. But in reality, there are no point sources of light, they always have some specific size and their own shape. A lamp, a chandelier, a floor lamp, a searchlight, etc. are real, that is, not point sources of light that cannot be characterized only by the power of light.

If, for example, we consider a luminous ball located in the distance, and compare it with another luminous ball, with exactly the same intensity of light, but of a different diameter, it turns out that although the balls create the same illumination at equal distances, nevertheless for the observer they they look different: a ball of a smaller diameter looks brighter than a larger ball.The reason for this phenomenon is that although the luminous intensity of the balls is the same, one of them has a larger radiating surface ...

A microwave is one of the most commonly used electrical appliances in the kitchen. Once again, you put food on warming up - the microwave is buzzing habitually, the lights are working inside, the food plate is spinning, but after the time set on the timer, the food remains cold. What to do in this case? The failure of the microwave oven causes a number of inconveniences, so many people prefer to try to repair the microwave oven on their own, saving not only time, but also money.

Why doesn't the microwave heat food? Consider the possible causes of malfunctioning microwaves with mechanical control. We also give a good example of troubleshooting a microwave oven. If the microwave oven works, but does not heat food, then first of all you need to make sure that the voltage in the network is not too low. Very often, the conclusion about a malfunction of the microwave is erroneously made ...

LED strip is one of the most popular solutions for the manufacture of decorative lighting or economical main lighting systems today. It can be the light in the apartment or the backlight in the car, the luminous strip under the ceiling or near the bookshelf, finally the festive decoration of the facade of the house or the New Year's lighting of the composition on the street - you can just decorate anything with LED tapes, you just need to choose these tapes correctly for this or that application.

In this article we will talk about choosing LED strips for various purposes, note important aspects of the choice, and warn the consumer against possible errors. First, you need to decide if you need a single-color or multi-color LED strip. Monochrome ribbons shine in a specific color: red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, violet or white ...

If you look at today's industrial energy, if you pay attention to the dynamics of developments in the field of alternative energy, you can easily notice that such a stereotype has long been formed here: a flat river is basically not suitable for generating power at hydroelectric power plants.

Large hydropower plants are being built using equipment originally designed to produce large electrical capacities at steep edges or on mountain rivers, where the water flow rate reaches at least 2 m / s. Generator sets for such hydropower plants are not suitable for operation on a relatively weak stream of a lowland river. For these purposes (for any rivers), only hiking toys are sold for charging a couple of watts of cell phones ... Of course, to build a dam for the subsequent construction of an industrial hydroelectric power station is an expensive undertaking, it will pay for itself for a long time, and there’s no point in building it ...

One of the popular PLC programming languages ​​- programmable logic controllers, is the graphic language of functional block diagrams FBD - Function Block Diagram. This language, along with other languages ​​of the IEC 61131-3 standard, such as for example the ladder logic (LD) language, uses in its architecture a kind of electronic circuit.

A program written in this language for the controller consists of a certain list of circuits that are executed one after the other from top to bottom. In addition, there is the possibility of assigning labels to individual chains, in this case, the use of instructions to go to the label will be available in order to change the sequence of execution of chains, and create conditions and cycles. Thus, a program written in the graphic language FBD is a set of functional blocks connected to each other, the outputs and inputs of which are connected by communication lines ...