Static electricity in nature and technology
For the first time, the electrification of liquids during crushing was seen at waterfalls in Switzerland in 1,786. Since 1913. the phenomenon is called the balloelectric effect. The effect of electrification is observed not only at waterfalls in open areas, but also in caves. Microscopic droplets of water and molecular complexes, which, when crushed, break away from the water surface and are carried into the environment, charge the air at the waterfalls. The most significant effect of air electrification is observed at the largest waterfalls in the world ...
Off the coast of the seas, air acquires a positive charge due to the spray of salt water. On the surface of the seas and oceans, water spray begins at a wind speed of more than 10 m / s, when scallops of foam appear on the waves. The ratio of positive charges to negative charges in the air over the Black and Azov Seas reaches 2.04 with a stormy sea, and 1.48 with swell.
The conqueror of the Jomolungma N. Tensing in 1953 in the area of the southern saddle of this mountain peak at an altitude of 7.9 km above sea level at -30 ° C and a dry wind of up to 25 m / s observed strong electrification of icy canvas tents inserted one into the other. The space between the tents was filled with numerous electric sparks ...
“Ilyich’s bulb” is the colloquial name in the USSR for a household incandescent lamp used without a plafond.
The phrase “Ilyich’s bulb” appeared after V. I. Lenin’s trip to the village of Kashino in 1920 on the occasion of the launch of a local “power station” with a wiring network made of old telegraph wires. Initially, the concept of “Ilyich’s bulb” referred to the electrification of Russia, especially rural areas.
The trip of V.I. Lenin to Kashino took place on November 14, 1920 and was timed to the holiday in honor of the opening of the power plant. The construction of the local power station and the power distribution network was inspired by the speech of V.I. Lenin at the XX Congress of the Komsomol, where he pointed out the need to develop an economy based on electricity. The distribution network was built at the expense of the agricultural partnership by the residents themselves in their personal time from a telegraph wire that had not been used for a long time. Dynamo car was made in Moscow. In one of the houses Vladimir Ilyich had a conversation with local peasants. After the conversation, V.I. Lenin and N.K. Krupskaya took pictures with the peasants, and then he spoke at a rally.
This trip had a big impact ...
Do not build under power lines!
A young man who had barely managed to take off his diapers, but already with a “mobile”, or a granny, in whose shopping bag a cell phone stumbles, no one is surprised today. The sign of time, its attribute, as familiar and indispensable as a computer, television, electric shield in the hallway. All this creates an electromagnetic background, completely invisible and inaudible. How environmentally friendly is it?
Science does not know, but warns ...
Some scare us with cancer, sexual impotence, dementia and miscarriages. Others reassure - it's okay, they even treat magnetic fields! In general, all poison and all medicine, only a dose makes it this or that, as the ancient Aesculapius said. The experts of the Research Institute of Occupational Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Center for Electromagnetic Safety at the Institute of Biophysics of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation took up the establishment of this "dose". To make it clearer: all devices consuming electricity, except electric fields, also create magnetic ones.
These are high-voltage and cable lines, switchboards, transformers and wires of power supply systems, trolleybuses and trams, subways and commuter trains, household appliances included in the socket ... And if there are no problems with electric fields, they have been studied for a long time and are quite easily shielded (enough obstacles in the form of reinforced concrete wall or metal mesh), says the deputy director of the Center Eugene Bicheldey, science so far knows little about the biological effect of magnetic fields, and it is technically very difficult to defend against them and expensive. A person without special devices is not able to recognize their presence - he does not have such a sensory organ.Although science has established that magnetic fields can adversely affect living organisms. But how dangerous are they ...
Created a robot electrician for repairing overhead lines
Everyone knows that no one is safe from the effects of storms, hurricanes, storms and other natural disasters. Therefore, it should be soberly aware that the next rainstorm with the same probability can leave without light both a small office and a huge corporation. What to do in the event of a cable break or some kind of malfunction? Call electricians? Or rent a robot that independently does all the work much faster, and possibly better. Say fiction? Of course, who will develop robots-electricians, if there are more interesting applications for these silicon creatures. And you don’t have to go far - robotic singers and bartenders, nannies and teachers, doctors, toys. And here I do not agree.
Scientists have created a robot that, in stand-alone mode, will be able to independently test or diagnose many kilometers of the power cable, identify problems and possibly even determine “preliminary” malfunctions, which, in the future, can cause network problems.
Professor, electronic engineer Alexander Mamishev told the press that such a development is the first in the industry ...
Electrical energy from plants - green power plants
The direct transformation of light energy into electrical energy underlies the operation of generators containing chlorophyll. Chlorophyll can give and attach electrons when exposed to light.
In 1972, M. Calvin put forward the idea of creating a solar cell, in which chlorophyll would serve as a source of electric current, capable of taking away electrons from certain specific substances under illumination and transfer them to others.
Calvin used zinc oxide as a conductor in contact with chlorophyll. When illuminating this system, an electric current with a density of 0.1 microamperes per square centimeter appeared in it.
This photocell did not function for long, since chlorophyll quickly lost its ability to donate electrons. To extend the duration of the photocell, an additional electron source, hydroquinone, was used. In the new system, green pigment gave away not only its own, but also the hydroquinone electrons.
Calculations show that such a 10-square-meter photocell can have a power of about kilowatts.
Japanese professor Fujio Takahashi used chlorophyll extracted from spinach leaves to generate electricity. The transistor receiver to which the solar panel was connected worked successfully.
In addition, studies are underway in Japan to convert solar energy into electrical energy using ...
Prospects for the development of an automated electric drive
The specifics of the development of modern civilization, especially in the last ten years, cardinally changes our lives. Two trends deserve the most attention.
The first is the rapid development of everything related to computer technology. This is not only a computer in every home and workplace, not only the Internet and “toys”. If you look more closely, then we have all been hostages of computer technology for a long time. Almost any device now has a control chip in its composition, which, in principle, is the same small computer. This is a TV, and a washing machine, and a mobile phone, and a camera, and a keychain to the car, and the car itself ...
Now in my office at work about 60! CPU control ... This is already very serious! If the microprocessor used to cost tens and hundreds of dollars, now you can buy a control chip for less than a dollar!
The second trend is an increase in the cost of energy, and everything related to the mining industry ...
Why the existence of an eternal light bulb is not possible
In the city of Livermore (California, USA) there is a unique light bulb, which was screwed in in 1901 and has since been on without interruption. This is an absolute record that entered the Guinness Book of Records. A webcam is installed in front of the unique light bulb at Fire Station No. 6, so the light bulb can be seen on the Internet. How was this possible?
It is known that the main face of light bulb burnout is the gradual wear of a tungsten filament. This filament is heated almost to the melting point of tungsten (3300 ° C), otherwise you will not get an intense light flux. At this temperature, the tungsten atoms in the crystal lattice vibrate intensively and some of them come off and go into space, settling on the walls of the flask. Gradually, the thread becomes thinner, and in the thinnest place the temperature goes beyond the melting point, the thread burns out.
Obviously, to increase the life of the bulb, it is necessary to install a thicker thread. But at the same time, to maintain the resistance of the thread, it is necessary to increase its length. A twofold increase in the diameter of the filament leads to an increase in the mass of tungsten by 8 times. And tungsten is an expensive metal, so current light bulb manufacturers are trying to save it.
But there is another reason for lamp wear, which almost no one knows about. The thing is...
At the end of the last century, physicist Nikola Tesla, a Serb, was one of the first Nobel Prize winners, whom he refused to receive. In 1885, he demonstrated the operation of his transformer, and from a turbine of the Niagara Hydroelectric Power Station (power 5,000 hp) and lit carbon-free incandescent lamps without wires or switches within a radius of 25 miles. After that, one of his energy projects received support and became funded by Morgan. N. Tesla at a special training ground created his own power plants operating on the principle of "free energy" (today we would say - based on vacuum energy). When Morgan met their work in 1898, he ordered all the installations and the landfill to be destroyed, because he realized that if they were given the way, mankind would never need organic fuel again. Since then, the world has been “seeking energy” ...
This experiment on ignition of coal electric lamps at a distance without lead wires was only able to be repeated by the Russian scientist Filippov, who, from the installation he created from St. Petersburg, lit electric lamps in Tsarskoye Selo. He was a unique universal scientist: he was a doctor of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and philosophy. In the winter of 1914, he sent a decision to the General Staff of Russia, which made it possible to exclude war from the practice of mankind - seven days later this was published in the yellow press, and another three days later he was found murdered in his home office, and the gendarmes could not determine the method of murder. ..